IDENTIFICATION OF INCOMPLETE PENETRATION WELDING DEFECTS ON DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM FIGURES WITH THE GEOMETRIC INVARIANT MOMENT

The examination of defects in radiographic films necessitates specialized knowledge, as indicated by an expert radiographer (AR) degree, yet the subjectivity of AR in identifying defects is problematic. To overcome this subjectivity, an automatic welding defect identification is needed. This is executed by using Matlab to create artificial neural networks, which is beneficial for users with the graphical user interface (GUI) feature. One of the breakthroughs in the figure extraction into seven feature vector values is the geometric invariant moment theory. This prevents translation, rotation, and scaling from changing the figure's characteristics. Therefore, a welding defect identification system with a geometric invariant moment was created in the digital radiographic film figure to overcome the reading error by AR. The identification system obtained an accuracy rating of 89.9%.

ПРИНЦИП ВОЗМОЖНЫХ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЙ В МОМЕНТНОМЕМБРАННОЙ ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ УПРУГИХ ТОНКИХ ОБОЛОЧЕК / The Principle of Possible Displacments in the Moment-Membrane Dynamic Theory of Elastic Thin Shells

В работе излагается моментно-мембранная динамическая теория упругих тонких оболочек на основе метода гипотез, который соответствует качественной стороне результата интегрирования трехмерной граничной задачи моментной теории упругости в тонкой области оболочки. На основе принципа возможных перемещений трехмерной моментной динамической теории упругости с независимыми полями перемещений и вращений и основных соотношений моментномембранной динамической теории упругих тонких оболочек, устанавливается принцип возможных перемещений для моментномембранной динамической теории упругих тонких оболочек./ In the present paper the moment-membrane dynamic theory of elastic thin shells is presented based on the hypotheses method, which corresponds to the qualitative side of the result of integration of the three-dimensional boundary-value problem of the moment theory of elasticity in a thin region of the shell. On the basis of the principle of possible displacements of the threedimensional moment dynamic theory of elasticity with independent fields of displacements and rotations and the basic relations of the moment-membrane dynamic theory of elastic thin shells, the principle of possible displacements for the moment-membrane dynamic theory of elastic thin shells is established.

Behavior of Polygonal Shells of Complex Geometry, Taking into Account the History of a High Level of Loading

The paper presents the results of the study of the stress-strain state of polygonal shells of positive and negative curvature with different geometric shape of the plan, taking into account the influence of the prehistory of a high loading level. To derive the resolving equation, equation, a mixed-type equation of the moment theory of shells was used. The calculation of the investigated out according to the moment theory, taking into account the influence of a complex stress state edge effect. The numerical implementation of this solution is carried out in relation to hinged and restrained shells. The bearing capacity of short-term and long-term loaded reinforced concrete polygonal shells was investigated by the method of limiting equilibrium.

THE BEGINNING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLICATION TO CYBER ATTACK: THE STATUS OF RULE 30 TALLINN MANUAL 1.0

ABSTRACTTechnological development has given rise to new means and methods of warfare such as cyber-attack and can potentially have devastating humanitarian consequences. In times of armed conflict, International Humanitarian Law (IHL) limits certain use of weapons, however, it is questionable whether an armed conflict exists in the situation where cyber-attack is employed alone. In 2007, Estonia suffered severe damages due to cyber-attacks that were equal to the damages caused by kinetic weapons. Yet, there is a debate whether IHL applies in the Estonia case due to the shortage of a kinetic weapon. The Estonia case has generated NATO and other states to draft a cyber-warfare manual (Tallinn Manual 1.0) that, in its Rule 30, affirms the IHL applicability in the case of only cyber-attack. Due to the importance of this Rule, this article argues that Rule 30 shall be considered as a legally binding provision in the form of customary international law. This Rule has satisfied widely practiced and opinio juris elements although it is not as ideal as other customary norms. Taking into consideration the rapid development of technology, it is not necessary for Rule 30 to meet the ideal condition of customary law since, according to Grotian Moment Theory, the formation of a new customary international law can be accelerated in times of fundamental change as can be seen in the practice of customary air and space law. Keywords: Customary International Law, Cyber-Attack, Grotian Moment Theory, IHL, Tallinn Manual 1.0 ABSTRAKPerkembangan teknologi telah melahirkan cara dan metode berperang yang baru seperti serangan siber dan dapat berpotensi menimbulkan kehancuran umat manusia. Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) membatasi penggunaan senjata tertentu saat perang, sayangnya penerapan hukum ini masih dipertanyakan dalam kasus yang hanya melibatkan serangan siber. Tahun 2007 Estonia menderita kerugian akibat dari serangan siber yang tingkat keparahannya dapat disamakan dengan serangan kinetis. Namun, fakta bahwa serangan tersebut tidak melibatkan senjata kinetis melahirkan perdebatan perihal penerapan HHI. Kasus Estonia telah mendorong NATO dan negara-negara lainya untuk merumuskan Manual tentang Perang Siber (Tallinn Manual 1.0) yang mengkonfirmasi penerapan HHI untuk kasus yang hanya melibatkan serangan siber. Pentingnya pengaturan dalam Pasal 30, artikel ini berpendapat bahwa pasal tersebut harus memiliki kekuatan hukum yang mengikat dalam bentuk aturan hukum kebiasaan internasional. Pasal 30 telah memenuhi unsur hukum kebiasaan internasional yakni praktek negara yang luas serta opinio juris. Sekalipun tidak dipenuhi secara sempurna seperti layaknya aturan hukum kebiasaan internasional yang lain. Dengan mempertimbangkan perkembangan teknologi yang pesat, Pasal 30 tidak perlu secara ideal memenuhi unsur norma hukum kebiasaan internasional, karena menurut Grotian Moment Theory pembentukan norma hukum kebiasaan internasional baru dapat dipercepat karena adanya perubahan yang fundamental. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari praktek hukum kebiasaan ruang angkasa. Kata Kunci: Hukum Kebiasaan Internasional, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Serangan Siber, Tallinn Manual 1.0, Teori Grotian Moment

Controllability to rest of the Gurtin-Pipkin model

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper is devoted to analyzing the controllability to rest of the Gurtin-Pipkin model, which is a class of differential equations with memory terms. The goal is not only to derive the state to vanish at some time but also to require the memory term to vanish at the same time, ensuring that the controlled system is controllable to rest. In order to get rid of the influence of memory, the controllability result is obtained by means of the Fourier type approach and the moment theory.</p>