What is an image schema? Looking for an answer in Latvian and Mandarin Chinese

Image schema is one of the key notions in the discussions of the semantics of spatial adpositions. The diversity of related topics and the abundance of literature on these conceptual primitives makes the concept image schema difficult to grasp. The aim of this article is to clarify this notion by explicating on some important aspects of the schematization and representation of spatial scenes using the CONTAINMENT schema as an example. The article also demonstrates that the cross-linguistic comparison of an image schema is an effective method employed to better understand the universal cognitive processes underlying language use. The article contains a comparison of the spatial functional units that express the CONTAINMENT schema in Latvian and Mandarin Chinese, a discussion of the blurriness of the boundary between the concepts containment and support and their relation to the concept location. The relationship between image schemas and semantic frames, the factors that influence schematization and the phenomenon of parallel usage of locative units are discussed too. Image schema transformations are characterized as the mechanism of extending the meanings of spatial phrases.

HUMANISME KARYA-KARYA SASTRA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER: SEBUAH PERGULATAN DISKURSIF

Until now Pramoedya Ananta Toer is still recognized as a great Indonesian writer. For this reason, many people doubt that Hanung Bramantyo as popular movie director can perfectly and deeply adapt Pramoedya’s literary works into movies. Some scholars agree that one of the fundamental values in Pramoedya’s works is humanism. However, since Pramoedya visited China and was involved in Lekra, their opinions were split into two categories of humanism: universal humanism on the one hand and the socialist humanism on the other. This research attempted to scrutinize whether Pramoedya is on one of the humanism categories or beyond both categories. Theoretical framework of this research is Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory combined with Bhabha’s concept Location of Culture, while the method is the appropriate discourse analysis method. This research found that Pramoedya’s humanism is beyond universal and socialist humanism. In his articulations of humanism as uncovered from his literary works, there are different positions taken by Pramoedya according to different discursive arenas in wich the humanism articulated. In other words, Pramoedya’s postcolonial humanism is located in the liminal area that is always in contestation and negotiation.

Improved query reformulation for concept location using CodeRank and document structures

During software maintenance, developers usually deal with a significant number of software change requests. As a part of this, they often formulate an initial query from the request texts, and then attempt to map the concepts discussed in the request to relevant source code locations in the software system (a.k.a., concept location). Unfortunately, studies suggest that they often perform poorly in choosing the right search terms for a change task. In this paper, we propose a novel technique --ACER-- that takes an initial query, identifies appropriate search terms from the source code using a novel term weight --CodeRank, and then suggests effective reformulation to the initial query by exploiting the source document structures, query quality analysis and machine learning. Experiments with 1,675 baseline queries from eight subject systems report that our technique can improve 71% of the baseline queries which is highly promising. Comparison with five closely related existing techniques in query reformulation not only validates our empirical findings but also demonstrates the superiority of our technique.

Improved query reformulation for concept location using CodeRank and document structures

During software maintenance, developers usually deal with a significant number of software change requests. As a part of this, they often formulate an initial query from the request texts, and then attempt to map the concepts discussed in the request to relevant source code locations in the software system (a.k.a., concept location). Unfortunately, studies suggest that they often perform poorly in choosing the right search terms for a change task. In this paper, we propose a novel technique --ACER-- that takes an initial query, identifies appropriate search terms from the source code using a novel term weight --CodeRank, and then suggests effective reformulation to the initial query by exploiting the source document structures, query quality analysis and machine learning. Experiments with 1,675 baseline queries from eight subject systems report that our technique can improve 71% of the baseline queries which is highly promising. Comparison with five closely related existing techniques in query reformulation not only validates our empirical findings but also demonstrates the superiority of our technique.

Improved query reformulation for concept location using CodeRank and document structures

During software maintenance, developers usually deal with a significant number of software change requests. As a part of this, they often formulate an initial query from the request texts, and then attempt to map the concepts discussed in the request to relevant source code locations in the software system (a.k.a, concept location). Unfortunately, studies suggest that they often perform poorly in choosing the right search terms for a change task. In this paper, we propose a novel technique –ACER– that takes an initial query, identifies appropriate search terms from the source code using a novel term weight –CodeRank, and then suggests effective reformulation to the initial query by exploiting the source document structures, query quality analysis and machine learning. Experiments with 1,675 baseline queries from eight subject systems report that our technique can improve 71% of the baseline queries which is highly promising. Comparison with five closely related existing techniques in query reformulation not only validates our empirical findings but also demonstrates the superiority of our technique.

APLIKASI PRINSIP DESAIN UNIVERSAL PADA SEKOLAH INKLUSI TERPADU DI SURAKARTA

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Education is a fundamental need that must be owned by all society level. Today’s education development is one of the results from the education quality improvement. One of the ways to improve the quality itself is by applying the inclusive school. As the contribution to facilitate the same chance in education for disable students, the planning and design for Integrated Inclusive School was created. Integrated Inclusive School was designed in one area considering the fact that Surakarta has not owned yet the Inclusive School in one education area with disable students accommodated (such as blind, low vision, deaf, and physical disability students). The related problem to design is how the form of planning and design concept for Integrated Inclusive School in Surakarta. Besides, the concept could hold inclusive education system to accommodate the need of user by applying the universal design principal. The purpose of Integrated Inclusive School is to accommodate the teaching learning process considering the ability and the activity of disable students by applying universal design. The planning and design of Integrated Inclusive School used Universal Design to support ease, safety, and comfort for everyone without discrimination. The concept of Integrated Inclusive School applied principal universal design which includes the space concept, location and site selection, mass and building appearance. The basic form of building was the dominance of a square shape and mass organizing of building was cluster and centralized circulation system.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords : </em></strong><em>Education, inclusive school, integrated system, universal design</em>.<strong><em></em></strong></p>