Non-Destructive Detection of Damaged Strawberries after Impact Based on Analyzing Volatile Organic Compounds

Strawberries are susceptible to mechanical damage. The detection of damaged strawberries by their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can avoid the deficiencies of manual observation and spectral imaging technologies that cannot detect packaged fruits. In the present study, the detection of strawberries with impact damage is investigated using electronic nose (e-nose) technology. The results show that the e-nose technology can be used to detect strawberries that have suffered impact damage. The best model for detecting the extent of impact damage had a residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of 2.730, and the correct rate of the best model for identifying the damaged strawberries was 97.5%. However, the accuracy of the prediction of the occurrence time of impact was poor, and the RPD value of the best model was only 1.969. In addition, the gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry analysis further shows that the VOCs of the strawberries changed after suffering impact damage, which was the reason why the e-nose technology could detect the damaged fruit. The above results show that the mechanical force of impact caused changes in the VOCs of strawberries and that it is possible to detect strawberries that have suffered impact damage using e-nose technology.

Over-Equilibrium as a Result of Conservatively-Perturbed Equilibrium (Acyclic and Cyclic Mechanisms)

The effect of over-equilibrium, i. e., the effect at which the concentration of some substance is higher than the corresponding equilibrium value, is demonstrated for two types of ideal chemical reactors, continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and plug-flow reactor (PFR), respectively, under conditions of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium (CPE). Two types of complex chemical mechanisms are analyzed, acyclic and cyclic ones. Using numerical experiments and the same residence times, it is shown that for the steady-state PFR this effect is more pronounced that for the steady-state CSTR, and it is true both for acyclic and cyclic reactions. In the studied mechanisms, cyclic and acyclic, the initial concentration of some substance is taken as the equilibrium one, and two other concentrations are the nonequilibrium ones. The greater the difference between the two initially nonequilibrium concentrations, the greater the concentration of the third substance, which was taken initially as the equilibrium one. At the specific values of kinetic parameters considered here, the sensitivity of the occurrence time of the B-concentration extremum for the different reactors (PFR and CSTR) at the fixed mechanism is small, but for the different mechanisms (acyclic and cyclic) at the fixed reactor is significant.

Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Cancer Patients in China: An Analysis of Henan Province Spontaneous Reporting System Database

IntroductionAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) in pediatric cancer patients have not yet received due attention in the world. Antineoplastic drugs are frequently related to ADRs. Few studies focus on the ADR and the intervention measures in pediatric cancer patients.MethodsADR reports submitted to Henan Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center from 2016 to 2020 for individuals aged from birth to 17 years (including 17 years) were included. Data were analyzed with respect to gender, age, disease types, past history of ADR, occurrence time of ADR, polypharmacy, route of administration, off-label drug use, name of suspected drugs per ADR report, and severity of ADR reports.ResultsA total of 431 ADR reports related to antineoplastic drugs in pediatric patients were collected, 31.55% were serious ADRs (SADRs). The median age of patients was six years (inter quartile range, IQR: 3-11), the age groups with higher reporting rates were concentrated in 1-3-year-olds (130). Past history of ADR, occurrence time of ADR and polypharmacy were statistically associated with SADR. Myelosuppression was the most frequent ADR (15.55%), cytarabine was the most frequent drug (26.22%). The signal mining method produced 14 signals, three signals were off-label ADRs.ConclusionsThis study described the characteristics of ADRs in pediatric cancer patients. By conducting signal mining method, three off-label ADRs need further study. We should pay more attention to these ADRs and develop relative management strategies. More researches are needed to achieve a better understanding of the characteristics of ADRs in pediatric cancer patients of China.

Some statistical characteristics of occurrence of fog over Patna airport

bl 'kks/k i= esa o"kZ 2000 ls 2010 rd 10 o"kksZa ds uoacj ls Qjojh ekg dh vof/k ds vk¡dMksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, iVuk gokbZ vMMs ij Nkus okys dqgjs dh lkaf[;dh; fo’ks"krkvksa tSls & dksgjk Nkus dh ckjEckjrk] Nkus dk le;] vof/k] l?kurk rFkk folfjr gksus ds le; dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA bl v/;;u ls izkIr gq, ifj.kke ls irk pyk gS fd foxr 10 o"kksZa ds nkSjku iVuk gokbZ vMMs ij pkjksa gh eghuksa esa dqgjs dh ckjEckjrk esa o"kZ 1961&90 rFkk 1951&80 ds tyok;fodh esa miyC/k flukWfIVd rFkk rRdkfyd ekSkle izs{k.kksa dh rqyuk esa fo’ks"k :i ls o`f) gqbZ gSA iVuk gokbZ vMMs ij dqgjk Nkus dk lcls vuqdwy eghuk fnlEcj vkSj mlds ckn tuojh dk ekuk x;k gsA fnlacj vkSj tuojh ds eghuksa esa 5 ?kaVsa ls vf/kd vof/k rd dqgjk Nkus dh vko`fRr dh izfr’kr~rk vf/kdre jgh gS tcfd uoacj ,oa Qjojh ds eghuksa esa 2 ?kaVs ls de vof/k dh vko`fRr lcls vf/kd jgh gSA dqgjk dk cuuk vDlj 0000&0200 ;w-Vh-lh- ds nkSjku vkSj bldk {k; gksuk 0200&0500 ;w- Vh- lh- ds nkSjku ns[kk x;k gSA cgqr ?kus dqgjs dh vf/kdre vko`fRr & izfr’krrk uoacj ekg esa ns[kh xbZ gSA fnlacj vkSj tuojh ds eghuksa dh vf/kdrj fLFkfr;ksa esa 1200 ;w-Vh-ij vxyh jkr@lqcg ds le; iMs+ dksgjs ds jsfM;ksa lkSans ds vk¡dMksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd, x, dqgjk LFkkf;Ro lwpdkad ¼,Q-,l-vkbZ-½ 40 ls de ik;k x;k gSA In this paper some statistical characteristics of fog, such as frequencies of occurrence, time of onset, duration, intensity and time of dispersal over Patna airport are studied making use of 10 years data for the period November-February, 2000-2010. The result shows that during the last ten years frequency of fog over Patna airport has increased significantly in all the four months as compared to the climatology based on available synoptic and current weather observations during 1961-90 and 1951-80. The most favourable month for occurrence of fog over Patna airport has been identified as December followed by January. Percentage frequency is highest for duration of fog for more than 5 hours in the months of December and January whereas in the months of November and February frequency is highest for duration less than 2 hours. The formation of fog mostly observed during 0000-0200 UTC and dissipation during 0200-0500 UTC. Percentage frequency of very thick fog was found to be highest in the month of November. In the months of December and January in most of the cases Fog Stability Index (FSI) based on 1200 UTC radiosonde data leading to occurrence of fog during following night/morning has been found to be less than 40.

Some characteristics of fog over Guwahati airport

The statistical characteristics like frequencies of occurrence, time of onset, duration, time of dispersal and intensity of fog over Guwahati airport are found out and analysed using 10 years data during 1994-95 to 2003-04 for the months of November to February. Also the interannual and intraseasonal variations of occurrence of fog are analysed by calculating the coefficient of variation of monthly frequency of fog and by calculating the significant periodicities in the daily probability of occurrence of fog respectively. The meteorological parameters at 1200 UTC leading to fog in the following night or morning over Guwahati airport are analysed to find out the precursors for occurrence of fog. Statistical characteristics are given in tables and their significance discussed. It is observed that monitoring of Dew Point Depression (DPD) and surface wind can help prediction of occurrence of fog and its intensity over Guwahati airport.

Changes in Tornado Climatology Accompanying the Enhanced Fujita Scale

United States tornado records form the basis for a variety of meteorological, climatological and disaster-risk analyses, but how reliable are they in light of changing standards for rating, as with the 2007 transition of Fujita (F) to Enhanced Fujita (EF) damage scales? To what extent are recorded tornado metrics subject to such influences that may be nonmeteorological in nature? While addressing these questions with utmost thoroughness is too large of a task for any one study, and may not be possible given the many variables and uncertainties involved, some variables that are recorded in large samples are ripe for new examination. We assess basic tornado-path characteristics—damage rating, length, width, and occurrence time, as well as some combined and derived measures—for a 24-yr period of constant path-width recording standard that also coincides with National Weather Service modernization and the WSR-88D deployment era. The middle of that period (in both time and approximate tornado counts) crosses the official switch from F to EF. At least minor shifts in all assessed path variables are associated directly with that change, contrary to the intent of EF implementation. Major and essentially stepwise expansion of tornadic path widths occurred immediately upon EF usage, and widths have expanded still further within the EF era. We also document lesser increases in path lengths, and in tornadoes rated at least EF1 compared to EF0. These apparently secular changes in the tornado data can impact research dependent on bulk tornado-path characteristics and damage-assessment results.

Evaluation of propane explosion with applied water mist

This article discusses the overpressure of a gas explosion and the performance of applying water mist for explosion suppression. According to the experimental results, the larger the opening area, the more difficult it is for pressure to accumulate, resulting in lower overpressure of a gas explosion. When the opening was opened under a high air speed environment, the amount of entrained air was greater. Consequently, the occurrence time of the explosion was shorter than at a low air speed. Despite the water mist nozzle being installed outside the enclosure, a propane gas explosion still occurred regardless of the amount of water mist used, failing to suppress the explosion. However, the water mist nozzle installed inside the enclosure supplied an adequate amount of water mist that could wash a part of the propane, resulting in the fuel concentration dropping below the lower explosion limit, hindering the occurrence of an explosion.