environmental stressor
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BMC Zoology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Osório ◽  
Kevin T. Stiller ◽  
Britt-Kristin Reiten ◽  
Jelena Kolarevic ◽  
Lill-Heidi Johansen ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Fish encounter oxidative stress several times during their lifetime, and it has a pervasive influence on their health and welfare. One of the triggers of oxidative stress in fish farming is the use of oxidative disinfectants to improve rearing conditions, especially in production systems employing recirculation technology. Here we report the physiological and morphological adaptive responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts to intermittent exposure to a potent oxidative agent peracetic acid (PAA). Fish reared in semi-commercial scale brackish water recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) were exposed to 1 ppm PAA every 3 days over 6 weeks. Mucosal and systemic responses were profiled before exposure, 22 and 45 days during the intermittent PAA administration. Results Oxidative stress was likely triggered as plasma antioxidant capacity increased significantly during the exposure period. Adaptive stress response to the periodic oxidant challenge was likewise demonstrated in the changes in plasma glucose and lactate levels. PAA-induced alterations in the transcription of antioxidants, cytokines, heat shock proteins and mucin genes showed a tissue-specific pattern: downregulation was observed in the gills and olfactory rosette, upregulation occurred in the skin, and no substantial changes in the liver. Further, PAA exposure resulted in histological changes in key mucosal organs (i.e. olfactory rosette, skin and gills); pathological alterations were predominant in the gills where cases of epithelial lifting, hypertrophy and clubbing were prevalent. In addition, intermittent PAA administration resulted in an apparent overproduction of mucus in the nasal mucosa. Lastly, PAA did not dramatically alter the ability of salmon to mount a physiological stress response in the presence of a secondary stressor, though some subtle interference was documented in the kinetics and magnitude of plasma cortisol and glucose response post-stress. Conclusions The present study collectively demonstrated that intermittent oxidant exposure was a mild environmental stressor that salmon could mount strong adaptive responses at systemic and mucosal levels. The results will be valuable in optimising the rearing conditions of post-smolts in RAS, especially in adopting water treatment strategies that do not considerably interfere with fish health and welfare.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Agostinetto ◽  
Antonia Bruno ◽  
Anna Sandionigi ◽  
Alberto Brusati ◽  
Caterina Manzari ◽  
...  

As human activities on our planet persist, causing widespread and irreversible environmental degradation, the need to biomonitor ecosystems has never been more pressing. These circumstances have required a renewal in monitoring techniques, encouraged by necessity to develop more rapid and accurate tools which will support timely observations of ecosystem structure and function. The World Exposition (from now 'EXPO2015') hosted in Milan from May to October 2015 was a global event that could be categorized as a mega-event, which can be defined as an acute environmental stressor, possibly generating biodiversity alteration and disturbance. During the six months of EXPO2015, exhibitors from more than 135 countries and 22 million visitors insisted on a 1.1 million square meters area. Faced with such a massive event, we explore the potential of DNA metabarcoding using three molecular markers to improve the understanding of anthropogenic impacts in the area, both considering air and water monitoring. Furthermore, we explore the effectiveness of the taxonomy assignment phase considering different taxonomic levels of analysis and the use of data mining approaches to predict sample origin. Unless the degree of taxa identification still remains open, our results showed that DNA metabarcoding is a powerful genomic-based tool to monitor biodiversity at the microscale, allowing us to capture exact fingerprints of specific event sites and to explore in a comprehensive manner the eukaryotic community alteration. With this work, we aim to disentangle and overcome the crucial issues related to the generalization of DNA metabarcoding in order to support future applications.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
safa BEJAOUI ◽  
Imene CHETOUI ◽  
Feriel GHRIBI ◽  
Chaima FOUZAI ◽  
Wafa TRABELSI ◽  
...  

Abstract The present work aims to determine and compare the tolerance to different stress environmental conditions in two crabs’ species the native Carcinus aestuarii and the invasive Portunus segnis. In this study, C.aestuarii appeared more intolerant to environmental stressor as shown by the important changes occurred on the proximate, fatty acids and their essential compounds comparing to P.segnis. Our results revealed accumulation of metallic trace elements, macromolecular damages and antioxidant defense systems perturbations mostly in C.aesuarii gills and muscles than P.segnis, thus highlighting the importance of a multi-markers approach to assess the urban pollution in coastal ecosystems. According to this study, fatty acid profiles and oxidative stress biomarker examination of both crabs indicate that the different environmental stresses significantly influence the tolerance of C.aestuarii compared to the invasive P.segnis which may provide physiological advantages for the achievement of their invasion in novel ecosystems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiane Nery de Souza de Brito ◽  
Samira Silva Santos Soares ◽  
Eloá Carneiro Carvalho ◽  
Daniel Gomes de Souza ◽  
Andrezza Serpa Franco ◽  
...  

Objetivo: avaliar os principais fatores estressores apontados pelos pacientes em uma unidade cardiointensiva. Método: pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa, realizada com 25 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, lúcidos, orientados, alfabetizados, com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda. Aplicou-se questionário relacionado às informações sociodemográficas e clínicas e a escala The Environmental Stressor Questionnaire. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva simples. Resultados: houve predominância do sexo masculino (16-64%), com idade de 60 a 70 anos (14-56%). O infarto agudo do miocárdio (14-56%%) foi a causa mais prevalente de internação. As afirmativas “sentir dor” (17-68%); seguido de “não conseguir mexer mãos ou braços devido às vias intravenosas” (13-52%); “não ter controle de si mesmo” (11-44%) e “não ter explicações sobre o tratamento” (10-40%) sobressaíram como extremamente estressantes. Conclusão: conhecer os estressores mais prevalentes contribui para o planejamento do cuidado de enfermagem com ênfase no acolhimento e atendimento às necessidades individualizadas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinru Zhang ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Amber M. Smith ◽  
Bo Ning ◽  
...  

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are the most frequent genetic factors contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD). G2385R-LRRK2 increases the risk for PD susceptibility in the Chinese population. However, the pathological role of G2385R-LRRK2 is not clear. In this study, we investigate the roles of G2385R-LRRK2 in neurodegeneration underlying PD pathogenesis using cell biology and pharmacology approaches. We demonstrated that expression of G2385R-LRRK2-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and mouse primary neurons. G2385R-LRRK2 increased mitochondrial ROS, activates caspase-3/7, and increased PARP cleavage, resulting in neurotoxicity. Treatment with curcumin (an antioxidant) significantly protected against G2385R-LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration by reducing mitochondrial ROS, caspase-3/7 activation, and PARP cleavage. We also found that the cellular environmental stressor, H2O2 significantly promotes both WT-LRRK2- and G2385R-LRRK2-induced neurotoxicity by increasing mitochondrial ROS, caspase-3/7 activation, and PARP cleavage, while curcumin attenuated this combined neurotoxicity. These findings not only provide a novel understanding of G2385R roles in neurodegeneration and environment interaction but also provide a pharmacological approach for intervention for G2385R-LRRK2-linked PD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (26) ◽  
pp. e2014929118
Author(s):  
Joanna L. Kelley ◽  
Michael Tobler ◽  
Daniel Beck ◽  
Ingrid Sadler-Riggleman ◽  
Corey R. Quackenbush ◽  
...  

Environmental factors can promote phenotypic variation through alterations in the epigenome and facilitate adaptation of an organism to the environment. Although hydrogen sulfide is toxic to most organisms, the fish Poecilia mexicana has adapted to survive in environments with high levels that exceed toxicity thresholds by orders of magnitude. Epigenetic changes in response to this environmental stressor were examined by assessing DNA methylation alterations in red blood cells, which are nucleated in fish. Males and females were sampled from sulfidic and nonsulfidic natural environments; individuals were also propagated for two generations in a nonsulfidic laboratory environment. We compared epimutations between the sexes as well as field and laboratory populations. For both the wild-caught (F0) and the laboratory-reared (F2) fish, comparing the sulfidic and nonsulfidic populations revealed evidence for significant differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs). More importantly, there was over 80% overlap in DMRs across generations, suggesting that the DMRs have stable generational inheritance in the absence of the sulfidic environment. This is an example of epigenetic generational stability after the removal of an environmental stressor. The DMR-associated genes were related to sulfur toxicity and metabolic processes. These findings suggest that adaptation of P. mexicana to sulfidic environments in southern Mexico may, in part, be promoted through epigenetic DNA methylation alterations that become stable and are inherited by subsequent generations independent of the environment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 20210143
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Walsh ◽  
Michael K. Gillis

It is well established that environmental signals can induce phenotypic responses that persist for multiple generations. The induction of such ‘transgenerational plasticity’ (TGP) depends upon the ability of organisms to accurately receive and process information from environmental signals. Thus, sensory systems are likely intertwined with TGP. Here we tested the link between an environmental stressor and transgenerational responses in a component of the sensory system (eye size) that is linked to enhanced vision and ecologically relevant behaviours. We reared 45 clones of Daphnia pulicaria in the presence and absence of a low-quality resource (cyanobacteria) and evaluated shifts in relative eye size in offspring. Our results revealed divergent shifts in relative eye size within- and across-generations. Parental Daphnia that were fed cyanobacteria produced a smaller eye than Daphnia fed high-quality algae. Such differences were then reversed in the offspring generation; Daphnia whose mothers were fed cyanobacteria produced larger eyes than Daphnia that were continually fed green algae. We discuss the extent to which this maternal effect on eye size is an adaptive response linked to improved foraging.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Lourdes Morillas ◽  
Javier Roales ◽  
Cristina Cruz ◽  
Silvana Munzi

Lichens are classified into different functional groups depending on their ecological and physiological response to a given environmental stressor. However, knowledge on lichen response to the synergistic effect of multiple environmental factors is extremely scarce, although vital to get a comprehensive understanding of the effects of global change. We exposed six lichen species belonging to different functional groups to the combined effects of two nitrogen (N) doses and direct sunlight involving both high temperatures and ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 58 days. Irrespective of their functional group, all species showed a homogenous response to N with cumulative, detrimental effects and an inability to recover following sunlight, UV exposure. Moreover, solar radiation made a tolerant species more prone to N pollution’s effects. Our results draw attention to the combined effects of global change and other environmental drivers on canopy defoliation and tree death, with consequences for the protection of ecosystems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Großkopf ◽  
Katharina Walter ◽  
Isabel Karkossa ◽  
Martin von Bergen ◽  
Kristin Schubert

Emerging studies revealed that the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a receptor sensing environmental contaminants, is executing an immunomodulatory function. However, it is an open question to which extent this is achieved by its role as a transcription factor or via non-genomic signaling. We utilized a multi-post-translational modification-omics approach to examine non-genomic AhR-signaling after activation with endogenous (FICZ) or exogenous (BaP) ligand in endotoxin-activated (LPS) monocyte-derived macrophages. While AhR activation affected abundances of few proteins, regulation of ubiquitination and phosphorylation were highly pronounced. Although the number and strength of effects depended on the applied AhR-ligand, both ligands increased ubiquitination of Rac1, which participates in PI3K/AKT-pathway-dependent macrophage activation, resulting in a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In contrast, co-treatment with ligand and LPS revealed a decreased AKT activity mediating an anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, our data show an immunomodulatory effect of AhR activation through a Rac1ubiquitination-dependent mechanism that attenuated AKT-signaling, resulting in a mitigated inflammatory response.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jéssica Andrade Vilas Boas

Aquatic ecosystems have been affected by different human activities (e.g., urbanization, industrial and agricultural activities) and hence, changing the water quality, the process, and function exercised by these environments. The evaluation of water quality through ecotoxicological studies has become an effective tool for understanding the effects of pollutants on biological communities, allowing the measurement of anthropogenic effects on aquatic systems. The use of microeukaryotes ciliates as bioindicators has been identified as a great potential for assessing water quality, however, these organisms are still neglected in ecotoxicological fields being necessary to enlarge the studies with these organisms. Moreover, the interaction effect among more than one environmental stressor (e.g., chemical contaminant, temperature) also needs to be more study due to the complexity of the aquatic ecosystems functioning. In the present study, we demonstrated through three chapters that the microeukaryotes ciliates can be included in the ecotoxicological studies since as long as they are expanded the classical ecotoxicological studies where it is possible to develop standard methods and deepen knowledge. Furthermore, a fourth chapter showed the interaction between more than one environmental stressor could contribute to a biodiversity decline and even, future research should be dedicated to assessing different interactions in the Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems. (Chapter 1) By means of a mini review, and discussed a brief history, the current scenario and pointing out their methodological approaches gaps of the ecotoxicological studies with ciliates. (Chapter 2) Performing a meta-analysis, we assessed the available toxicity data of heavy metals and ciliates. The results showed the tolerance of ciliates to heavy metals varies notably being partly influenced by differences in methodological conditions across studies. Moreover, most ciliates are tolerant to heavy metal pollution than the standard test species used in ecotoxicological risk assessments, i.e., Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna, and Onchornyncus mykiss. Finally, this study highlighted the importance of developing standard toxicity test protocols for ciliates, which could lead to a better comprehension of the toxicological impact of heavy metals and other contaminants on ciliate species. (Chapter 3) By means of ecotoxicological tests, this study demonstrated the tolerance of Paramecium caudatum to caffeine. The results showed that this species had higher resistance in the environment. Even, we observed a moderate risk for P. caudatum regarding maximum environmental concentrations of caffeine in surface freshwater being that the global distribution of caffeine and the probability of increasing environmental concentrations highlight the need for more studies to better understand caffeine in aquatic ecosystems and the associated risks. (Chapter 4) Finally, by means of an indoor microcosm experiment, it was demonstrated that the temperature can influence the direct and indirect effects of salinity and pesticides on zooplankton communities in Mediterranean coastal wetlands and highlights vulnerable taxa and ecological responses that are expected to dominate under future global change scenarios.


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