Abstract. It is generally believed that field-aligned currents
(FACs) and the ring current (RC) are two dominant parts of the inner
magnetosphere. However, using the Cluster spacecraft crossing the
pre-midnight inner plasma sheet in the latitudinal region between 10 and 30∘ N, it is found that, during intense geomagnetic storms,
in addition to FACs and the RC, strong southward and
northward currents also exist which should not be FACs because the magnetic field in
these regions is mainly along the x–y plane. Detailed investigation shows that
both magnetic-field lines (MFLs) and currents in these regions are highly dynamic.
When the curvature of MFLs changes direction in the x–y plane, the current also
alternatively switches between being southward and northward. To investigate the
generation mechanism of the southward and northward current, we employed the
analysis of energetic particle flux up to 1 MeV. For energetic particles below
40 keV, observations from Cluster CIS/CODIF (Cluster Ion Spectrometry COmposition and DIstribution Function analyzer) are used. However, for higher-energy particles, the flux is
obtained by extrapolations of low-energy particle data through Kappa
distribution. The result indicates that the most reasonable cause of these southward and northward currents is the curvature drift
of energetic particles.