A collection of luminescent metal complexes have been widely used as oxygen probes in the biomedical field. However, single intensity-based detection approach usually suffered from errors caused by the signal heterogeneity or fluctuation of the optoelectronic system. In this work, respective ruthenium (II) and terbium (III) complexes were chosen to coordinate a bipyridine-branched copolymer, so that to produce oxygen-sensitive metallopolymer (Ru-Poly) and oxygen-insensitive metallopolymer (Tb-Poly). Based on the hydrophobic Ru-Poly and Tb-Poly, a ratiometric luminescent oxygen nanoprobe was facilely prepared by a nanoprecipitation method. The nanoprobes have a typical size of ~100 nm in aqueous solution, exhibiting a green-red dual-wavelength emission under the excitation of 300 nm and 460 nm, respectively. The red emission is strongly quenched by dissolved oxygen while the green one is rather stable, and the ratiometric luminescence was well fitted by a linear Stern–Volmer equation. Using the ratiometric biocompatible nanoprobes, the distribution of intracellular oxygen within three-dimensional multi-cellular tumor spheroids was successfully imaged.
The detection sensitivity of commonly used singlet oxygen probes in aqueous environments
