Bovine Anti-leukemic Measures for Improving Live-Stock Farms in Belgorod and Kemerovo Regions of Russia

Bovine leukemia remains one of the most urgent viral diseases in veterinary medicine, and potentially dangerous for humans. The strategy of combating it is aimed at improving the existing measures and full recovery of agricultural enterprises. The quality of animal products is a priority in the field of food safety. The aim of the research was to develop effective antileukemic measures for the improvement of livestock farms in the Belgorod and Kemerovo regions. The proposed antileukemic measures are to increase the frequency of serological studies from 6-th months to the 2-3th months among animals in areas with poor leukemia in cattle, as well as to increase the sensitivity of immunodiffusion test (AGID) due to highly centrifigation of the tested samples and an increase in the temperature of incubation samples close to the physiological norm for animals. The improved technique of staging an immunodiffusion reaction (AGID) allows detecting an average of 12% more infected animals with BLV in comparison with the approved method of staging a serological reaction AGID. Intensive introduction of PCR diagnostics to identify the causative agent of bovine leukemia in young calves, after the neonatal age period, will allow detecting early infection of animals and adjusting the program of antileukemia measures in disadvantaged farms. The introduction of PCR diagnostics in calves in the postnatal period of development in permanently dysfunctional livestock farms will contribute to the recovery of young animals from cattle leukemia in dysfunctional farms. The proposed antileukemia measures for the improvement of livestock farms in the Belgorod and Kemerovo regions made it possible to develop effective preventive measures for disadvantaged farms, improving the epizootic situation in the regions. So, in 2021, it was possible to completely improve the permanently dysfunctional economy of the LLC « Pobeda» in the Belgorod region.

Botelho's response to cancer

Based on Botelho's data, Vilbushevich in 1922 proposed a new serological reaction for the diagnosis of cancer.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Putative Novel Ilarvirus Isolated From Eleocharis Dulcis

The complete genomic sequence of a novel ilarvirus from Eleocharis dulcis, tentatively named water chestnut virus A (WCVA), was determined using next generation sequencing (NGS) combined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The three genomic RNA components of WCVA were 3578 (RNA1), 2873 (RNA2) and 2073 (RNA3) nucleotides long, with four predicted open reading frames containing conserved domains and motifs typical of ilarviruses. Phylogenetic analyses of each predicted protein consistently placed WCVA in subgroup 4 of the genus Ilarvirus, together with prune dwarf virus, viola white distortion associated virus, fragaria chiloensis latent virus and potato yellowing virus. The genetic distances and lack of serological reaction to antisera of other ilarviruses suggest that WCVA is a novel member of the genus.

Serological occurrence for tick-borne agents in beef cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal

This study investigated the seropositivity for five different tick-borne agents, namely Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Coxiella burnetii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Trypanosoma vivax in beef cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal. The serum samples collected from animals (200 cows; 200 calves) were used in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISA) to detect IgG antibodies against A. marginale, B. bovis, B. bigemina, and T. vivax, and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for detecting IgG antibodies against C. burnetii and A. phagocytophilum. No correlation was observed between seropositivity for C. burnetii and A. phagocytophilum with other agents whereas moderate correlation was observed for A. marginalexB. bigemina x B. bovis. Cows were more seropositive for T. vivax whereas calves were more seropositive for B. bovis and B. bigemina. The highest number of seropositive animals by a single agent was observed for T. vivax (15.2%). Co-seropositivity for T. vivax + A. marginale was higher in cows (25.5%) and for T. vivax + B. bovis + B. bigemina + A. marginale was higher in calves (57.5%). The high seropositivity correlation for A. marginale x B. bovis x B. bigemina is probably due to the presence of the tick biological vector, Rhipicephalus microplus, in the studied farms. Common transmission pathways, mediated by hematophagous dipterans and fomites, may explain the high co-seropositivity of cows for A. marginale and T. vivax. Low seropositivity to C. burnetii is probably due to the type of breeding system employed (extensive). Seropositivity for A. phagocytophilum in only one animal suggests the occurrence of a cross-serological reaction with another agent of the genus Anaplasma.

SYPHILIS IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: CONDITION OF THE ISSUE AND UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS

Introduction. The development of the system of emergency medical care in emergency department inevitably brings up issues of its availability and quality. Moreover, if the leading pathological syndrome resulting in the hospitalization and threating to the patient’s life deserves priority attention, so the accompanying pathology often remains in the shadow. Thus, venereal diseases, in particular, syphilis is epidemiologically dangerous disease as for the patients having this illness and for the patients surrounding them and the medical personnel carrying out the medical process. The objective of the study was to assess the current state of the problem of medical care for patients with venereal pathology in an emergency department.Material and methods. The material for the study was the data of medical records of patients in multispecialised emergency department of St. Petersburg for 4 years: 1088 – with positive serological reaction and 4500 – without dermatovenereal pathology (DVP).Results. By the results of the research, the diagnosis of syphilis was based only on the enzyme immunoassay test for syphilis and the diagnosis of syphilis remained unspecified; the efforts to prevent the spread of syphilis in emergency department were insufficient, did not allow carrying out appropriate preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic measures.Conclusion. Development of new models and principles of the organization of the diagnostic and treatment process, including the introduction of methods of express diagnosis in emergency department is required.

Studying the Elimination Pattern of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus in the Milk of Infected Females

Background: Small ruminants can be infected by lentiviruses, such as Maedi-Visna Virus (MVV) and Caprine ArthritisEncephalitis Virus (CAEV). The main route of transmission is via ingestion of contaminated colostrum and milk although vertical transmission can occur. Recently, several studies for molecular detection of CAEV in milk, using conventional PCR and real-time PCR are being carried out. Considering the elimination of CAEV through the milk of infected animals and the importance of this virus in the goat production, the aim of this study was to evaluate the elimination pattern of CAEV in milk, evaluating the frequency and the concentration eliminated during the lactation.Materials, Methods & Results: A cohort of four negative females for CAEV was inseminated with semen experimentally infected with CAEV-Cork strain. They were located in stalls at the Hospital of Ruminants from School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science from University of São Paulo, Brazil. Goats received coast-cross hay, pellet feeding, mineral salt and water ad libitum. All females were observed every day during pregnancy. After lambing, kids received warm bovine colostrum and bovine milk powder during two months. Forty milk samples were collected at five-day interval during two months. A mixture of five milliliters from each teat was obtained and cDNA extraction was performed using DNA Mini Kit. Initially, real-time PCR was performed using an endogenous control for research of the constitutive gene (12S) for goats. Using positive samples in the first reaction, another reaction was performed using specific primers for lentiviruses based on the gag gene (conserved in retroviruses). In order to compare the results, nested-PCR was performed. After realtime PCR, cDNA was detected in samples from one female, corresponding to the day of calving, 14th, 20th, 25th, 35th and 40th day postpartum (15%; 6/40). The absence of amplified cDNA in thirty days postpartum, as well as in the final twenty days of lactation, was observed. Sample corresponding to the 7th day postpartum was not obtained. The virus concentration throughout lactation grew up until forty days postpartum. After this period, there was no cDNA amplification. In Nested PCR, positive results were detected in samples corresponding to the day of calving, 15th days, 20th days and 30th days postpartum, only.Discussion: cDNA was detected in samples from one positive female, during forty days postpartum, but not on the 30th. On the other hand, amplified cDNA was observed on 30th day by nested-PCR. In this case, a false negative result was observed after real-time PCR, probably because sample corresponding to 30th days may not have been properly homogenized, so that the fraction used in real-time PCR was not representative. A higher number of positive samples were expected due to the higher sensitivity of the technique used. The low viral concentration in the milk due to high antibody titers, for example, leaded to a small number of cells containing the agent, reducing the possibility of detection. cDNA was not detected in any sample from three infected females. A possible false-positive serological reaction or the very low viral concentration in milk samples could explain the negative results, although some animals might be infected by a strain that could not be recognized by PCR.

Prevalence of SRLV infections in various sheep breeds

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of SRLV infection in sheep breeds farmed in mid-Eastern Poland. Out of 6,470 mother ewes kept in 98 nucleus flocks of various sizes, 2,924 belonging to 15 breeds and lines were selected for serum sample collection. The selection of the animals analyzed was carried out using stratification which enabled the determination of infection prevalence with an error margin no greater than 8%. The assay of SRLV-specific antibodies in blood serum was performed using the ELISA test. The analyses revealed a large diversity of prevalence between the sheep breeds studied. The lowest prevalence was observed in Uhruska sheep, in which only 5.07% had a positive serological reaction, despite the fact that the number of animals of this breed included in the analysis was large (1675 mother ewes). The prevalence for this variety was over 5-7 times lower in comparison to Wielkopolska sheep (35%), Polish Pogorze sheep (22.73%), Podhale Zackel sheep (29.03%) and over 10 times lower than Świniarka sheep (57.04%). The results should be used for developing breeding strategies and establishing anti-SRLV programs..