The metabolic cost of turning right side up in the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca)

Armoured, rigid bodied animals, such as Testudines, must self-right should they find themselves in an inverted position. The ability to self-right is an essential biomechanical and physiological process that influences survival and ultimately fitness. Traits that enhance righting ability may consequently offer an evolutionary advantage. However, the energetic requirements of self-righting are unknown. Using respirometry and kinematic video analysis, we examined the metabolic cost of self-righting in the terrestrial Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise and compared this to the metabolic cost of locomotion at a moderate, easily sustainable speed. We found that self-righting is, relatively, metabolically expensive and costs around two times the mass-specific power required to walk. Rapid movements of the limbs and head facilitate successful righting however, combined with the constraints of breathing whilst upside down, contribute a significant metabolic cost. Consequently, in the wild, these animals should favour environments or behaviours where the risk of becoming inverted is reduced.

AN IMPACTED, INVERTED AND ROTATED MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS AND ITS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT: A CASE REPORT.

A female patient aged 13 years was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CSMSS Dental College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India with a complaint of a missing tooth in the upper anterior region of the jaw. The patient was apparently healthy with no relevant family, medical and dental history. This case is peculiar due to the fact that the impacted maxillary central incisors are not frequently reported in our routine dental practice. Here, a case of impacted maxillary left permanent central incisors, with only a few reported cases in the literature, is presented. On radio diagnosis, it was observed that the tooth was sprawling in an inverted position in the anterior region of the maxilla with mild dilaceration. Moreover, the tooth was located beneath the remnants of the root stumps of the deciduous maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors. The treatment for this case was planned with mutual efforts of the orthodontists, the oral surgeon, and the patient with his parents. The most appropriate treatment of choice for this case was the Surgical extraction of the impacted maxillary central incisor along with the root stumps of deciduous teeth that were performed under local anaesthesia without any hindrance to the nasal floor

Stress and strain analysis that occurs in the structure of a section and in its lifting installation, during the lifting and turning maneuvers

"During the shipbuilding processes carried out in the shipyards, there is a need to transport the sections of ship structure, from the place where they are built to the assembly location. When the shape and structure of the sections allow, they are built in an inverted position, and after finishing all the works that can be performed in this type of placement, the section will have to be turned to continue the section building process and subsequent the assembly. Loads that appear in the structure during these maneuvers are different from those that appear during the operation and from those for which calculations were made at the stage of the initial project. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate them and design a lifting / turning installation, which should also contain stiffening elements where required, in order to prevent both accidents and deformations or detachments that could occur at the section level. From this necessity appears the plan generically called ""lifting plan"" and which contains the installations, the schemes, the necessary instructions to remove the units from the section building hall, turn it to the gantry cranes and brought into the mounting position."

Vapour-phase efficacy of selected essential oils individually and in combination against Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium proliferatum, and Curvularia lunata

Grain storage plays a crucial role in ensuring food security to Thai farmers so sustainable protection methods against deleterious microorganisms, such as fungi, are necessary. Essential oils (EOs) have demonstrated broad-spectrum fumigant antifungal activity against most storage fungi that are problematic in Thailand. Four storage fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium proliferatum) were isolated from dried rice and corn grains (stored for at least six months). EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation from clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), fruit peel and leaves of makrut lime (Citrus hystrix), eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus sp.) and lemongrass stems (Cymbopogon citratus). The fungi inoculated on PDA in plastic cups were exposed to each EO vapour originating from paper disc attached in the lids in an inverted position. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each EO was determined. Selected MICs were combined in a binary manner and similarly tested against the fungi. Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) were determined for each combination. Lemongrass and makrut lime leaf EOs were the most effective with MICs of 0.09 µL/mL against Curvularia lunata and 0.19-0.28 µL/mL against A. flavus, A. niger and F. proliferatum. Eucalyptus oil produced the least effective vapour (MIC 0.56-0.74 µL/mL) against all tested pathogens. A combination of lemongrass and makrut lime leaf EOs was partially synergistic against A. niger (FICI=0.75) but was fully synergistic against the other three fungi tested (FICI=0.5). The EOs from lemongrass and makrut lime leaf have potential to suppress the growth of the four grain-storage fungi tested.

Melt into the group Electrophysiological Evidence of Gestalt Perception of Human Dyad

It has been showed recently that the human brain has dedicated networks for perception of human bodies in synchronous motion or in situation of interaction. However, below motion and interaction, how does the brain process a simple plurality of humans in close positioning? We used EEG frequency tagging technique to investigate integration of human dyad elements in a global percept. We presented to participants images of two silhouettes, a man and a woman flickering at different frequencies (5.88 vs. 7.14 Hz). Clear response at these stimulation frequencies reflected response to dyad parts, both when the dyad was presented upright and inverted. However, an emerging intermodulation component (7.14 + 5.88 = 13.02 Hz), a nonlinear response regarded as an objective signature of holistic representation, was significantly enhanced in upright relatively to inverted position. Inversion effect was significant only for the intermodulation component as opposed to stimulation frequencies revealing that dyad configuration perception overrides structural properties of dyad elements. Inversion effect was not significant for a pair of non-human objects. Our results show that merely facing two humans in close positioning leads to perceptually bind them and suggest that the perception of individuals is of different nature when they form a plurality.

Orientation Effect on Statics and Natural Frequency of Cantilever Beam

Statics and frequency analyzes are important because the structure can support the static and dynamic loads. Most previous studies of statics and frequency did not involve the gravity load. The previous studies of gravity effect to the cantilever beam included the hanging, horizontal, and inverted positions. The gravity load direction is applied referred to the longitudinal and lateral beam directions in this study. The closer to the inverted position the smaller the natural frequency. The highest values of the maximum displacement and the maximum Von-Mises stress are happened if longitudinal position is horizontal and lateral orientation angle is 0°. The change of lateral orientation angle does not influence the natural frequency in this condition. Keywords—Cantilever beam, gravity load, natural frequency, orientation angle, statics

Orientation Effect on Statics and Natural Frequency of Cantilever Beam

Statics and frequency analyzes are important because the structure can support the static and dynamic loads. Most studies about the statics and frequency are not included the gravity load. The previous studies of gravity effect to the cantilever beam included the hanging, horizontal, and inverted positions. The gravity load direction is applied referred to the longitudinal and lateral beam directions in this study. The closer to the inverted position the smaller the natural frequency. The highest values of the maximum displacement and the maximum Von-Mises stress are happened if longitudinal position is horizontal and lateral orientation angle is 0°. The change of lateral orientation angle does not influence the natural frequency in this condition. Keywords—Cantilever beam, gravity load, natural frequency, orientation angle, statics

Taping Benefits Ankle Joint Landing Kinematics in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability

Context: Although taping has been proven effective in reducing ankle sprain events in individuals with chronic ankle instability, insight into the precise working mechanism remains limited. Objectives: To evaluate whether the use of taping changes ankle joint kinematics during a sagittal and frontal plane landing task in subjects with chronic ankle instability. Design: Repeated measure design. Setting: Laboratory setting. Participants: A total of 28 participants with chronic ankle instability performed a forward and side jump landing task in a nontaped and taped condition. The taping procedure consisted of a double “figure of 6” and a medial heel lock. Main Outcome Measures: 3D ankle joint kinematics was registered. Statistical parametric mapping was used to assess taping effect on mean ankle joint angles and angular velocity over the landing phase. Results: For both the forward and side jump, a less plantar flexed and a less inverted position of the ankle joint were found in the preparatory phase till around touchdown (TD) in the taped condition (P < .05). In addition, for both jump landing protocols, a decreased dorsiflexion angular velocity was found after TD (P < .05). During the side jump protocol, a brief period of increased inversion angular velocity was registered after TD (P < .05). Conclusions: Taping is capable of altering ankle joint kinematics prior to TD, placing the ankle joint in a less vulnerable position at TD.

Design of a Combination Tool

The undertaken project work involves design, analysis and manufacture of a COMBINATION TOOL to produce TABLE TOP NAME CARD HOLDER. The main advantage of this combination tool is it can be accommodated with different operations in one single stage. This will reduce the complexity of the design of the tool. As the number of stages increases the design complexity also increases. Therefore usage of this tool will reduces the manufacturing and the design complexity and make the things easy. The combination tool performs both cutting and non-cutting operations. It can be done in the following way- The piercing, notching, lancing & bending operations are performed in the first stage, and then the blank is kept in the inverted position in the second stage where another bending is carried out. The relative positions with the previously pierced holes are maintained during the bending operation, with locating pins.

Gravuras rupestres de barquiformes no Monte de S. Romão, Guimarães, Noroeste de Portugal

Monte de S. Romão is located on the right bank of the river Ave, in the municipality of Guimarães, in the northwest of Portugal. The first reference of rock art in Monte de S. Romão is due to Martins Sarmento who in the 19th century reported the existence of engravings (Sarmento, F., 1901; 1904; 1905; 1933). Recent investigations have focused on the substantial set of rock art that is dispersed over a large part of the site (Cardoso, D., 2011, 2015, Nash, G., Cardoso, D., Ferreira, E., 2013). The purpose of this work is to present three outcrops recorded from Monte de São Romão, from which, in our opinion, two of them were published in an inverted position. With this new approach, we hypothesize that they represent prehistoric boats. Despite being preliminary, this work intended to contribute to increase knowledge about post-paleolithic rock art in the Portuguese Northwest and especially the enigmatic Monte de S. Romão (where is located Citânia de Briteiros), as well as to promote new questions about the occupation of this place and adjacent territory.