physiological process
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Ewart ◽  
Peter G. Tickle ◽  
William I. Sellers ◽  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Dane A. Crossley ◽  
...  

AbstractArmoured, rigid bodied animals, such as Testudines, must self-right should they find themselves in an inverted position. The ability to self-right is an essential biomechanical and physiological process that influences survival and ultimately fitness. Traits that enhance righting ability may consequently offer an evolutionary advantage. However, the energetic requirements of self-righting are unknown. Using respirometry and kinematic video analysis, we examined the metabolic cost of self-righting in the terrestrial Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise and compared this to the metabolic cost of locomotion at a moderate, easily sustainable speed. We found that self-righting is, relatively, metabolically expensive and costs around two times the mass-specific power required to walk. Rapid movements of the limbs and head facilitate successful righting however, combined with the constraints of breathing whilst upside down, contribute a significant metabolic cost. Consequently, in the wild, these animals should favour environments or behaviours where the risk of becoming inverted is reduced.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 3102-3107
Author(s):  
Akshatha K ◽  
Nagaraj S ◽  
Ravi K.V ◽  
Arun Kumar M

Proper functions of Agni (fire) in the body signify good health of the individual while an abnormal state leads to manifestations of diseases. The word Jatara means Udara (abdomen) and the Agni located in Jatara is Jataragni (digestive fire) and its Pramana (quantity) differs in each organism. There are various anatomical structures relat- ed to Jataragni that contribute towards its normal functioning. The physiological process of digestion and metab- olism including biophysical and biochemical changes in the ingested food is carried out by the influence of Jata- ragni. It also influences the status of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala in the body. The objective of this study is to know the anatomical and physiological aspects of Jataragni to understand the pathological states in the body. Keywords: Agni; Jataragni; Koshtanga; Grahani.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12971
Author(s):  
Fang Lin ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Jiale Yuan ◽  
Yuxia Liang ◽  
Jia Li

Light and brassinosteroid (BR) are external stimuli and internal cue respectively, that both play critical roles in a wide range of developmental and physiological process. Seedlings grown in the light exhibit photomorphogenesis, while BR promotes seedling etiolation. Light and BR oppositely control the development switch from shotomorphogenesis in the dark to photomorphogenesis in the light. Recent progress report that substantial components have been identified as hubs to integrate light and BR signals. Photomorphogenic repressors including COP1, PIFs, and AGB1 have been reported to elevate BR response, while photomorphogenesis-promoting factors such as HY5, BZS1, and NF-YCs have been proven to repress BR signal. In addition, BR components also modulate light signal. Here, we review the current research on signaling network associated with light and brassinosteroids, with a focus on the integration of light and BR signals enabling plants to thrive in the changeable environment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2140-2143
Author(s):  
Vaidya Anita Choudhary ◽  
Nikita Sharma ◽  
Nisha Aggarwal ◽  
Sadaf Khan

Nowadays, our sedentary lifestyle is causing many metabolic diseases, and everyone is trying to understand the importance of Langhana (fasting) therapy today for its prevention. In another way, not only India but also western countries recognize the importance of fasting in different ways. Ayurveda has already been mentioned in a detailed description and its advantages comprehensively. Autophagy is a normal physiological process in the body that deals with the destruction of cells by maintaining homeostasis or normal functioning by protein or Fat degradation. Similarly, Langhana (10 subtypes of fasting) therapy includes the digestion of metabolic toxins, removes the blockage of the channels, thereby aids in minimizing the diseases. This article it's been focused on the concept of Autophagy and its correlation with Pachana therapy which is a subtype of Langhana therapy inAyurveda. Keywords: Langhana, Pachana, Autophagy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Nova Linda Rambe

Pain is a physiological process. As many as 12% - 67% of women are worried about the pain that will be experienced during childbirth. One of the efforts to reduce pain is massage. is a condition in the form of a very pleasant unpleasant feeling, because the feeling of pain is different for each person in terms of scale or level. One technique to reduce pain is back massage. The theory shows that back massage is effective intermittently during labor. But at that time back massage was not done because they did not know that back massage could reduce pain. This study uses a systematic review method with the aim of seeing an effective method in overcoming labor pain. This systematic review examines articles and journals via the Google Scoolar site from 7 journals. Based on this system review, it can be guaranteed that back massage can reduce the intensity of pain in labor.


2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-620
Author(s):  
EDVAN COSTA DA SILVA ◽  
FABÍOLA VILLA ◽  
DANIEL FERNANDES DA SILVA ◽  
JEAN CARLO POSSENTI ◽  
LUCIANA SABINI DA SILVA ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT The germination process of the Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil becomes difficult because the seeds have physical and physiological numbness. Although, the objective was to evaluate the effect the gibberellic acid can have in overcoming this physiological process. So that, aimed to evaluate the effect of the gibberellic acid in the overcoming dormancy of araticum seeds. Two different projects were developed simultaneously (plants germination in the laboratory and emergence of seedlings in seed). At the laboratory, the experimental design used was completely casualized in factorial scheme 4 x 4. Evaluating the physiological aspect of the germination and vigor. The germination of the seeds presented superior performance when they were immersed in 1200 mg.L-1 of GA3, in 24 h of imbibition, reaching 67% of germination. In the emergence of seedlings in seed, the experimental design used was to randomize blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 5 (four accesses x five periods of immersion). After 110 days, evaluating physiological aspects of emergence and vigor. The emergence varied between 32 to 45% (accesses A1 and A3) in a period of 15 to 24 h (accesses A1 and A3 or A4). High concentration and longer period of soaking in gibberellic acid promote a bigger germination of the araticum seeds. There is a difference between the accesses of the species, necessary to evaluate before being collected, and in the present study the accesses A3 is promising for harvest.


Author(s):  
David Usharauli ◽  
Tirumalai Kamala

Naive CD4+ T cells engage cognate peptide MHC-II complexes (pMHC-IIs) to differentiate and acquire one of several T helper (Th) fates whose specific trajectories are guided by a dynamic cytokine milieu that develops in response to antigenic entity. This physiological process is often erroneously conflated with a pathological one termed Th polarization. Using the SPIRAL model, we argue here that unlike Th fate choice, innate signaling alone is insufficient to initiate Th polarization in naive CD4+ T cells, that it instead develops from pre-existing memory CD4+ T cells that express cross-reactive TCRs, and that it inevitably leads to immunopathology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Golberg ◽  
Naama Geva-Zatorsky

Our gut bacteria influence multiple physiological process including the immune response of our body. In this article, we describe a method for labeling anaerobic gut bacteria with a fluorescent marker that reflects light if it is illuminated, just like light reflectors on our bikes. This marker can be identified by a special microscope. Using this marker, we can act as detectives and track the activity of our gut bacteria in their natural environment. This method allowed us to see the interaction of bacteria with various immune system cells and where the bacteria chose to settle along the digestive system.


BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoli Chen ◽  
Ruizhi Zhang ◽  
Danlei Li ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Shengwei Jiang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Recently, pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) has been found in the extreme cold area of northeast China. The third-stage dispersal juvenile (DJ3) of PWN, which is a long-lived stress-resistant stage, plays an important role in the process of PWN spreading to low-temperature areas, as this stage can survive under unfavorable conditions. Results Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to analyze the expression patterns of 15,889 genes included in 21 RNA-Seq results of PWN at DJ3 and the other 6 different stages, and a total of 12 coexpression modules were obtained. Among them, the magenta module has the highest correlation with DJ3, which included a total of 652 genes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that most of the genes in the magenta module were involved in metabolic processes, which were related to autophagy and longevity regulation. These pathways included starch and sucrose metabolism, which contains trehalose metabolism. To explore the function of trehalose in DJ3 formation and survival under − 20 °C, a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase encoding gene (Bx-tps), a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase encoding gene (Bx-tpp) and 7 trehalase encoding genes (Bx-tres) were identified and investigated. The expression of these 9 genes was related to the formation of DJ3. A treatment under − 20 °C induced the accumulation of trehalose. The survival rate of DJ3 at -20 °C reduced after silencing of any of these trehalose metabolism genes. Further analysis suggested that two trehalose synthesis genes were highly correlated with DJ3 and might be involved in autophagy by regulating with energy conversion related genes. Conclusions The above results indicated that trehalose metabolism promotes DJ3 formation and helps DJ3 survive at -20 °C. Although trehalose accumulation is favorable for DJ3 to cope with low-temperature stress, multiple trehalose metabolism genes need to work together. There may be a multi-path regulated physiological process involving trehalose synthesis genes under low-temperature stress resistance. This physiological process may regulate the formation and maintenance of DJ3 through autophagy and energy conversion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
A. Belpiede ◽  
A. Tinelli ◽  
C. Crescini ◽  
M. Stark ◽  
A. Losito ◽  
...  

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