Application of Technology for Combustion of Depleted Ionized Gas Fuel in an Electric Field

A technology is proposed to improve the efficiency of heat devices operating on gas fuel. The technology is based on the use of a method of burning depleted ionized gas fuel in an electric field. Application of the method allows to reduce the formation of soot deposits and provides a more complete combustion of the gas. Increasing the efficiency of heating devices is achieved due to the formation of an electric field by including an ionizing radiation device in the structure of the gas stove. The energy of the ionizing radiation of the gas fuel provides the formation of Coulomb forces. Combustion intensifies, and convective heat exchange increases due to electroconvection. The design of the ionizing radiation device includes electrodes located at a distance from each other. Power is supplied from a voltage source. The electrodes are fixed using porcelain ring insulators. The proposed design solutions provide not only a decrease in gas fuel consumption, but also an increase in the flame temperature and the power of thermal radiation not only in the visible, infrared and ultraviolet ranges. Additional electrolysis of the fuel mixture, and the acceleration of its combustion rate is achieved due to ionization. The results of experimental studies to determine the parameters of the combustion processes of gas fuel (isobutane (CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3) – 72 %, butane (CH3-CH2– CH2-CH3) – 22 %, propane (C3H8) – 6 %) are presented. It was found that with a variable electric field strength for gas ionization, an increase in the temperature of the frying bed by 39%, heat transfer by 2 times, a decrease in carbon oxides by 31–36%, and a decrease in gas fuel consumption by 26% are achieved.

Impedance Spectroscopy of Nickel-Containing Solid Solutions of CaCu3Ti4O12

Samples of CaCu3Ti4-4хNi4хO12-δ. were obtained by solid phase synthesis method. X-ray diagrams of all preparations show trace amounts of the impurity phase of copper oxide(II), at x ≥ 0.04 the impurity CaTiO3 reflexes are shown. Admixtures of nickel-containing phases in samples in all investigated concentration interval by X-ray analysis and electronic scanning microscopy are not fixed. It is established that the polarization processes in the samples are carried out at different speeds by two mechanisms. As a result of modeling using two equivalent schemes, it was found that the homogeneity of samples with growth x decreases, in the sample CaCu3Ti4-4хNi4хO12-δ (х = 0.03) polarization proceeds three times faster than in x = 0.06. The sample CaCu3Ti3.88Ni0.12O12-δ conducts direct electric current better and polarizes faster in a variable electric field than x = 0.06. The activation energy of the samples is practically the same: 0.491 (x = 0.03) and 0.499 eV (x = 0.06). After 350 °C the homogeneity of the material deteriorates, which indicates a possible disorder of the structure or a break in the chemical bonds

Use of pulsed electric fields to induce breakage of glandular trichome cells in leaves of fresh patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.): Specific energy input consumption

Research has been performed using a pulsed electric field (PEF) to damage plant cells to obtain bioactive compounds before extraction. However, research into the use of PEF to break down the glandular trichome (GT) cells of patchouli for essential oil extraction is still limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific energy input needed to break patchouli leaf GT cells by PEF treatment. Patchouli leaves were harvested at 7 months of age, then treated with PEF. GT cell changes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that treatment with variable frequencies caused GT cell wrinkling and treatments with a variable electric field caused GT cell rupture. Electric field treatment at E=133.33 V/cm and a PEF exposure time of 2 seconds or E=116.66 V/cm and 3 seconds of PEF exposure resulted in consistent rupture of GT cells. Energy consumption of 0.049 kJ/cm3 promoted GT cell wall shrinkage and consumption of 0.59 kJ/cm3 broke GT cell walls.

Holographic Characteristics of Photopolymers Containing Different Mixtures of Nematic Liquid Crystals

A holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) is used to record holographic diffraction gratings. Several mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LC) are used as components of the HPDLC to evaluate their influence in static and dynamic basic properties. The diffraction efficiency obtained in the reconstruction of the holograms is evaluated to compare the influence of the different LC. Additionally, the samples are exposed to a variable electric field and the diffracted light intensity as a function of the applied voltage is measured to evaluate the influence of the LC. The results obtained show significant differences depending on the LC incorporated to the photopolymer.

On the Dislocation Contribution to the Dielectric Loss in the Materials with Piezoelectric Properties

A variable electric field is applied to a crystal. This field gives rise – through the piezoelectric coupling – to the variable mechanical stresses. Then the dislocations in the crystal will be driven by Peach-Koehler force and will start moving, dissipating the external field energy. Connection of the electric field energy dissipated per unit time with the internal friction is found. The case of resonant loss (Granato-Lucke model) is considered. The loss related to this mechanism to be at frequencies of megahertz range. The relaxation processes being responsible for the Bordoni and Hasiguti peaks also are considered. The use of obtained equations makes it possible to distinguish the dislocation contribution to both dielectric loss and dielectric dispersion and, therefore, to derive additional information about the crystal structure in a sufficiently simple way in terms of only one method.