New frontiers in enzyme immobilisation: robust biocatalysts for a circular bio-based economy

This tutorial review focuses on recent advances in technologies for enzyme immobilisation, enabling their cost-effective use in the bio-based economy and continuous processing in general.

Immobilisation and stabilisation of glycosylated enzymes on boronic acid-functionalised silica nanoparticles

We report a method of glycosylated enzyme immobilisation and stabilisation based on the formation of boronate esters between a surface-attached boronate and the enzyme glycans, followed by the growth of an organosilica layer of controlled thickness.

Enzyme immobilisation on wood-derived cellulose scaffolds via carbohydrate-binding module fusion constructs

Enzyme-CBM fusion constructs immobilised on wood-derived cellulose scaffolds: a sustainable approach for continuous flow biocatalysis.

Immobilisation and flow chemistry: Tools for implementing biocatalysis

The merger of enzyme immobilisation and flow chemistry has attracted the attention of the scientific community during the last years. Immobilisation enhances enzyme stability and enables recycling, flow chemistry allows...

Overview of Recent Advances in Immobilisation Techniques for Phenol Oxidases in Solution

Over the past two decades, phenol oxidases, particularly laccases and tyrosinases, have been extensively used for the removal of numerous pollutants in wastewaters due to their broad substrate specificity and their ability to use readily accessible molecular oxygen as the essential cofactor. As for other enzymes, immobilisation of laccases and tyrosinases has been shown to improve the performance and efficiency of the biocatalysts in solution. Several reviews have addressed the enzyme immobilisation techniques and the application of phenol oxidases to decontaminate wastewaters. This paper offers an overview of the recent publications, mainly from 2012 onwards, on the various immobilisation techniques applied to laccases and tyrosinases to induce and/or increase the performance of the biocatalysts. In this paper, the emphasis is on the efficiencies achieved, in terms of structural modifications, stability and resistance to extreme conditions (pH, temperature, inhibitors, etc.), reactivity, reusability, and broad substrate specificity, particularly for application in bioremediation processes. The advantages and disadvantages of several enzyme immobilisation techniques are also discussed. The relevance and effectiveness of the immobilisation techniques with respect to wastewater decontamination are critically assessed. A perspective on the future directions for large-scale application of the phenol oxidases in immobilised forms is provided.