scholarly journals Overview of Recent Advances in Immobilisation Techniques for Phenol Oxidases in Solution

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Thandanani Ndlovu ◽  
Sidy Ba ◽  
Soraya P Malinga
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Enzyme Immobilisation ◽  
Broad Substrate Specificity ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Phenol Oxidases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bioremediation Processes

Over the past two decades, phenol oxidases, particularly laccases and tyrosinases, have been extensively used for the removal of numerous pollutants in wastewaters due to their broad substrate specificity and their ability to use readily accessible molecular oxygen as the essential cofactor. As for other enzymes, immobilisation of laccases and tyrosinases has been shown to improve the performance and efficiency of the biocatalysts in solution. Several reviews have addressed the enzyme immobilisation techniques and the application of phenol oxidases to decontaminate wastewaters. This paper offers an overview of the recent publications, mainly from 2012 onwards, on the various immobilisation techniques applied to laccases and tyrosinases to induce and/or increase the performance of the biocatalysts. In this paper, the emphasis is on the efficiencies achieved, in terms of structural modifications, stability and resistance to extreme conditions (pH, temperature, inhibitors, etc.), reactivity, reusability, and broad substrate specificity, particularly for application in bioremediation processes. The advantages and disadvantages of several enzyme immobilisation techniques are also discussed. The relevance and effectiveness of the immobilisation techniques with respect to wastewater decontamination are critically assessed. A perspective on the future directions for large-scale application of the phenol oxidases in immobilised forms is provided.

scholarly journals Survey on Flight Control Technology for Large-Scale Helicopter

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshuo Hu ◽  
Hongbin Gu
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Flight Control System ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Helicopter Flight ◽  
Challenging Research ◽  
Theoretical Developments

A literature review of flight control technology is presented for large-scale helicopter. Challenges of large-scale helicopter flight control system (FCS) design are illustrated. Following this, various flight control methodologies are described with respect to their engineering implementation and theoretical developments, whose advantages and disadvantages are also analyzed. Then, the challenging research issues on flight control technology are identified, and future directions are highlighted.

Synthetic draw solutes for forward osmosis: status and future

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaozhen Chen ◽  
Wenxuan Xu ◽  
Qingchun Ge
Keyword(s):  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solute Fluxes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthesis Routes

Abstract Forward osmosis (FO) has developed rapidly over the past decade. The development of draw solutes, a key component of FO processes, has also progressed remarkably. A wide range of synthetic draw solutes have been explored in recent years. Synthetic draw solutes exhibit superiority over the conventional draw solutes obtained commercially in terms of lower reverse solute fluxes and less energy consumption in draw solute recycling. However, there are still some big challenges for synthetic draw solutes, such as complicated synthetic procedures, low water fluxes, severe concentration polarization (CP) and decreased water recovery efficiency when recycled draw solutes are reused in FO. These challenges are also the current research focus on the exploration of novel draw solutes. This article aims to review the recent progress especially on synthetic draw solutes. Their design strategies, synthesis routes and FO performance are assessed. Some representative applications involving the synthetic draw solutes-facilitated FO processes are exemplified. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing synthetic draw solutions are evaluated. The challenges and future directions in exploring novel draw solutes are highlighted.

scholarly journals Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials in Alzheimer Disease: Looking Back, Moving Forward

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hsu ◽  
Gad A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevention Trials ◽  
Ad Prevention ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Clinical And Translational Research

The field of Alzheimer disease (AD) prevention has been a culmination of basic science, clinical, and translational research. In the past three years since the new 2011 AD diagnostic guidelines, large-scale collaborative efforts have embarked on new clinical trials with the hope of someday preventing AD. This review will shed light on the historical and scientific contexts in which these trials were based on, as well as discuss potential challenges these trials may face in the coming years. Primary preventive measures, such as lifestyle, multidomain, medication, and supplemental interventions, will be analyzed. Secondary prevention as represented by disease-modifying interventions, such as antiamyloid therapy and pioglitazone, will also be reviewed. Finally, hypotheses on future directions for AD prevention trials will be proposed.

scholarly journals An overview of microbial indigo-forming enzymes

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 925-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea N. Fabara ◽  
Marco W. Fraaije
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Textile Dyes ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biotechnological Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Indigo Production

AbstractIndigo is one of the oldest textile dyes and was originally prepared from plant material. Nowadays, indigo is chemically synthesized at a large scale to satisfy the demand for dyeing jeans. The current indigo production processes are based on fossil feedstocks; therefore, it is highly attractive to develop a more sustainable and environmentally friendly biotechnological process for the production of this popular dye. In the past decades, a number of natural and engineered enzymes have been identified that can be used for the synthesis of indigo. This mini-review provides an overview of the various microbial enzymes which are able to produce indigo and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each biocatalytic system.

scholarly journals Polyphenol-Hydroxylating Tyrosinase Activity under Acidic pH Enables Efficient Synthesis of Plant Catechols and Gallols

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1866
Author(s):  
Hanbit Song ◽  
Pyung-Gang Lee ◽  
Hyun Kim ◽  
Uk-Jae Lee ◽  
Sang-Hyuk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Broad Substrate Specificity ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidases ◽  
Plant Polyphenol ◽  
Scale Preparation ◽  
Acidic Conditions

Tyrosinase is generally known as a melanin-forming enzyme, facilitating monooxygenation of phenols, oxidation of catechols into quinones, and finally generating biological melanin. As a homologous form of tyrosinase in plants, plant polyphenol oxidases perform the same oxidation reactions specifically toward plant polyphenols. Recent studies reported synthetic strategies for large scale preparation of hydroxylated plant polyphenols, using bacterial tyrosinases rather than plant polyphenol oxidase or other monooxygenases, by leveraging its robust monophenolase activity and broad substrate specificity. Herein, we report a novel synthesis of functional plant polyphenols, especially quercetin and myricetin from kaempferol, using screened bacterial tyrosinases. The critical bottleneck of the biocatalysis was identified as instability of the catechol and gallol under neutral and basic conditions. To overcome such instability of the products, the tyrosinase reaction proceeded under acidic conditions. Under mild acidic conditions supplemented with reducing agents, a bacterial tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium (BmTy) displayed efficient consecutive two-step monophenolase activities producing quercetin and myricetin from kaempferol. Furthermore, the broad substrate specificity of BmTy toward diverse polyphenols enabled us to achieve the first biosynthesis of tricetin and 3′-hydroxyeriodictyol from apigenin and naringenin, respectively. These results suggest that microbial tyrosinase is a useful biocatalyst to prepare plant polyphenolic catechols and gallols with high productivity, which were hardly achieved by using other monooxygenases such as cytochrome P450s.

scholarly journals A Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Anomaly Detection in IoT Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5320
Author(s):  
Redhwan Al-amri ◽  
Raja Kumar Murugesan ◽  
Mustafa Man ◽  
Alaa Fareed Abdulateef ◽  
Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
Data Stream ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Parameters Selection ◽  
Data Visualizations ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Anomaly detection has gained considerable attention in the past couple of years. Emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), are known to be among the most critical sources of data streams that produce massive amounts of data continuously from numerous applications. Examining these collected data to detect suspicious events can reduce functional threats and avoid unseen issues that cause downtime in the applications. Due to the dynamic nature of the data stream characteristics, many unresolved problems persist. In the existing literature, methods have been designed and developed to evaluate certain anomalous behaviors in IoT data stream sources. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies that discuss all the aspects of IoT data processing. Thus, this paper attempts to fill this gap by providing a complete image of various state-of-the-art techniques on the major problems and core challenges in IoT data. The nature of data, anomaly types, learning mode, window model, datasets, and evaluation criteria are also presented. Research challenges related to data evolving, feature-evolving, windowing, ensemble approaches, nature of input data, data complexity and noise, parameters selection, data visualizations, heterogeneity of data, accuracy, and large-scale and high-dimensional data are investigated. Finally, the challenges that require substantial research efforts and future directions are summarized.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE MERGER OF BANK OF BARODA, VIJAYA BANK AND DENA BANK, ON THE BACK DROP OF THEIR NPAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 906-912
Author(s):  
Sai Kishore V ◽  
◽  
Hema Divya ◽  
K.V.L. Madhav ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Private Banks

Banking Industry in India witnessed a large-scale merger in recent times, which was earlier often sought out solution in the corporates to improve the efficiency and profitability. Bank mergers and acquisitions are more often witnessed across Europe and America. We have witnessed few acquisitions/mergers in the past few decades after liberalization. Present situation of mergers in the Banking Industry is primarily due to the failure of some banks with respect to recovery of loans. This would result in incurring losses and failing to meet the liquidity needs of the deposits side. There have been mergers both in Public Sector Banks and Private Sector Banks. It is also observed that some private banks have been acquired by public sector banks in the interest of depositors and investors.This research paper focuses on and analyses the factors that lead to the merger of Bank of Baroda, E-Vijaya Bank and E-Dena Bank. The possible advantages and disadvantages are inferred. Seven years financial data before the merger decision of the three banks is collected for this analysis. Data analysis is done using the financial tools such as Ratio Analysis and Trend Analysis. Various ratios indicating the health of Advances side of the bank and its profitability are calculated. The trend of NPAs and the recovery patterns are studied. The suitability of merger decision with its after effects are proposed to be concluded.

scholarly journals Research Progress, Challenges, and Breakthroughs of Organoids as Disease Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisheng Huang ◽  
Zhijie Huang ◽  
Zhengming Tang ◽  
Yuanxin Chen ◽  
Mingshu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Mechanism ◽  
Xenograft Models ◽  
New Research

Traditional cell lines and xenograft models have been widely recognized and used in research. As a new research model, organoids have made significant progress and development in the past 10 years. Compared with traditional models, organoids have more advantages and have been applied in cancer research, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and regenerative medicine. This review presented the advantages and disadvantages of organoids in physiological development, pathological mechanism, drug screening, and organ transplantation. Further, this review summarized the current situation of vascularization, immune microenvironment, and hydrogel, which are the main influencing factors of organoids, and pointed out the future directions of development.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Communication in Organisations: The Communication Audit Approach

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen D. W. Hargie ◽  
Dennis Tourish
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
Communication Audit ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Audit Approach

Within the past decade there has been an enormous growth of interest in the field of organisational communication. Numerous books, book chapters and journal articles have been devoted to this topic. However, much of this output has been at the level of common sense exhortation, has tended to be anecdotal, or at best has been based upon the personal experience of the authors. Certainly within the UK there has been little hard empirical research into the nature, flow and functions of communication within organisations. This paper proposes the introduction of a much more systematic methodology for the study of such communication, based upon what is known as the ‘communication audit’ approach. This approach is fully explained and the main methods employed in communication audits outlined, together with their relative advantages and disadvantages. It is also pointed out that audits are now widely employed to measure performance in other spheres of the organisation, such as finance, and it is argued that the implementation of this system to measure communication performance is therefore long overdue. The benefits for organisations of carrying out audits are highlighted and suggestions are made about possible future directions for research in this area.

scholarly journals Purification and Application of Lipases from Pseudomonas Species

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Saadat Ullah ◽  
Ijaz Malook ◽  
Khair Ul Bashar ◽  
Mehvish Riaz ◽  
Muhammad Mudasar Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Broad Substrate Specificity ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Pseudomonas Species ◽  
Long Chain

Lipases are important hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyze long chain triacylglycerol intodiacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acids. Lipases are found in microorganisms, fungi,plants and animals. Commercially, useful extracellular lipases are isolated from different bacterial species,including Bacillus, Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus andChromobacterium species. Among the Pseudomonas species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. cepacia andP. fluorescence are the major producers of lipases. Bacterial lipases have great industrial applicationsbecause of their stability, selectivity and broad substrate specificity. Due to their large scale applicationin industrial sectors, attention is given to isolate Pseudomonas lipases. In this review, purification strategiesfor lipases isolated from Pseudomonas species have been focussed.

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