Emission Embodied in International Trade and Its Responsibility from the Perspective of Global Value Chain: Progress, Trends, and Challenges

In the context of economic globalization and production fragmentation, the boom in intermediate and processing trade has made EEIT (emission embodied in international trade) accounting and the recognition of its responsibility more and more complicated, and the drawbacks of traditional gross value statistics more and more conspicuous. The rapid development of global value chain theory in recent years has given rise to a decomposition framework of the trade flow in a country’s export, based on the global value chain, which offers new methods to study EEIT and allocate its responsibility. The combination of global value chain accounting and EEIT research can offer new ways to research EEIT transfer and allocate its responsibility. Utilization of this technique can help understand each country’s “common but differentiated responsibility” in emission reduction. Finally, aiming at the knowledge gaps in current analysis, this paper attempts to discuss the trends, and possible challenges, in research on EEIT, and its responsibility based on the global value chain theory.

Harmonization of Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principles as an International Law Norm towards National Law for the World Climate System Protection

Harmonization efforts are needed because the applicable laws and regulations must be adapted to the various changes that have occurred in the Indonesian legal system. There are two main issues. The first one is the form of harmonization of the common but differentiated responsibility principles as an international legal norm towards national law for the protection of the world climate system, and the second one is Indonesia's obstacles in implementing the CBDR principle. This study applies normative juridical method using descriptive analysis. The data will be analyzed in a qualitative manner. The results of this study are, firstly, Indonesia carries out harmonization as the implementation of the contents of the Kyoto protocol through Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. Secondly, the biggest obstacle in implementing the CBDR principle in Indonesia is corruption, collusion and nepotism.

Harmonisasi Hukum Internasional Pada Prinsip Common But Differentiated Responsibility dalam Hukum Nasional

Efforts to prevent the growing concentration of GHGs that led to climate change began by the United Nations by establishing a regulation on the protection of the world climate system, first, the Convention on Climate Change is created in 1992. Secondly, Kyoto Protocol was established in 1997. Furthermore, at COP-21 resulted in Paris Agreement. These three arrangements make the Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle as the basis for protecting the world climate system. This research is to review harmonization of international law on the Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle in national law. This research uses normative law research. This research is a descriptive analysis with the secondary data obtained. All the data will be analysed qualitatively. Indonesia has implemented an international arrangement to address climate change caused by greenhouse gases into national law by ratifying the UNFCCC by Law Number 6 of 1994 about ratification of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol by Act Number 17 of 2004 about ratification of Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. Indonesia harmonized as a form of implementation of protocol kyoto contents through Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. Keywords: Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle; Law Harmonization Abstrak Upaya untuk mencegah meningkatnya konsentrasi GRK, pertama, Konvensi Perubahan Iklim dibuat tahun 1992. Kedua, didirikan Protokol Kyoto tahun 1997. Selanjutnya, pada COP-21 menghasilkan Perjanjian Paris. Ketiga pengaturan ini menjadikan Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Bersama dengan Tingkat Berbeda-beda sebagai dasar untuk melindungi sistem iklim dunia. Penelitian ini untuk meninjau harmonisasi hukum internasional tentang Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Bersama dengan Tingkat Berbeda-beda dalam hukum nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis deskriptif dengan data sekunder yang diperoleh. Semua data akan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Indonesia telah menerapkan pengaturan internasional untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim yang disebabkan oleh gas rumah kaca ke dalam hukum nasional dengan meratifikasi UNFCCC dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan UNFCCC dan Protokol Kyoto oleh Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2004 tentang Pengesahan Protokol Kyoto Atas UNFCCC. Indonesia melakukan harmonisasi sebagai wujud implementasi isi Protokol Kyoto melalui Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Kata kunci: Harmonisasi Hukum, Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Bersama dengan Tingkat yang Berbeda-Beda

KEADILAN DALAM SATU (INTRA) GENERASI:SEBUAH PENGANTAR BERDASARKAN TAKSONOMI KEADILAN LINGKUNGAN

This paper attempts to discuss intragenerational equity based on the taxonomy of environmental justice, i.e. distributive justice, corrective justice, procedural justice, and social justice. Based on distributive justice perspective, the paper places the polluter pays principle (PPP) and common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) as two important legal principles in implementing intragenerational equity. Based on corrective justice perpective, the paper considers that the PPP plays an important role in implementing intragenerational equity. The paper explains the implementation of procedural justice in terms of access to participation, access to information, and legal standing. Finally, the paper observes the importance of the integration of environmental protection and social justice.IntisariTulisan ini mencoba untuk mendiskusikan lebih mendalam keadilan intra generasi dengan menggunakan taksonomi keadilan lingkungan, yaitu keadilan distributif, keadilan korektif, keadilan prosedural, dan keadilan sosial. Secara khusus, berdasarkan perspektif keadilan distributif, tulisan ini melihat adanya kaitan erat antara keadilan intra generasi dengan polluter pays principle (PPP) dan common-but-differentiated responsibility. Dalam perspektif keadilan korektif, tulisan ini melihat pentingnya PPP untuk mewujudkan keadilan intra generasi. Tulisan ini melihat perwujudan keadilan prosedural melalui hak untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan, hak atas informasi, dan hak gugat. Dalam konteks keadilan sosial, tulisan menjelaskan integrasi perlindungan lingkungan dengan penciptaan keadilan sosial.

Prinsip Common But Differentiated Responsibility Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Sumber Daya Alam Dan Hutan Tropis

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><em>The common but differentiated responsibility is or will become an important principle of international environmental law, specifically related to the management of tropical rain forest. The issue at hand is how this principle is understood by developing states, which by its geographical position, is entrusted with the responbility to manage tropical rain forest. In this article the author traces the reason justifying the differentiation of (international) responsibilities and attempts to relate this (mis-) understanding of the principle to Indonesia’ s unwillingness or inability to manage its tropical rain forest.</em>

Europe Between Climate and Energy Insecurity: Geopolitical Aspects

EU sees itself as a world leader in coping with the challenge of climate change. At the same time, the Ukraine crisis has demonstrated how vulnerable its energy supply security is due to EU’s dependence on import oil and gas. The paper addresses the interlinkages and prospects of EU’s climate and energy policies with respect to ethical and security dimensions. The ethical dimension is addressed in terms of how to fairly allocate responsibility among nations, regions and states to reduce GHG emissions to non-dangerous levels, a central issue at the upcoming UN summit in Paris. The proposed principles, such as the common but differentiated responsibility, are discussed in view of a growing literature, political controversies and converging diplomatic moves. At the same time the fundamental values of the EU may be at stake if the security dimension of all EU member states cannot be guaranteed. Both ethical and security challenges EU is confronted with points strongly towards accelerated introduction of a low-carbon economy and corresponding infrastructure, with renewables to play a central role in the medium/long term. A review of the literature shows that continuing import dependence on oil and gas, including from Russia, is a risk factor both in economic, political and environmental terms. Some recently proposed policy responses, such as the creation of an EU energy union, are reviewed and critically evaluated.

The G20’s Role in Fulfilling the UN 2030 Agenda

Thanks to their huge potential and effective toolkit, the Group of Twenty (G20) countries have exhibited strong resolve to implement the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN 2030 Agenda). Their joint endeavor will, in turn, facilitate the transition of the G20 from an ad hoc mechanism to a long-term institution for sustainable development. With regard to the remaining gap of political willingness among countries and the absence of behavioral rules in implementing the Agenda, the coordinating authority of the G20 should be strengthened and the existing institutions reformed. Specific measures must be taken, which include: (a) strengthening the coordinating capability of the Development Working Group under the G20 (G20-DWG); (b) making the G20 an example for the rest of the world in realizing the Agenda; (c) calling for an upgraded version of the common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) principle; (d) strengthening coordination with related organizations for the follow-up and review mechanisms of the Agenda; (e) enhancing public awareness of those post-MDG targets and lost-targets to strengthen the central role of the G20 in implementing the Agenda; and (f) making the G20 a long-term leader in supporting development rights of the developing world.