Alternatives or syntactic negation? Adults’ and children’s preferences for constructing counterfactual possibilities

Reasoning with counterfactuals such as “if his sister had entered silently, the child would have been awake”, requires considering what is conjectured (“his sister entered silently”) and what is the counterfactual possibility (“his sister did not enter silently”). In two experiments, we test how both adults (Study 1) and children from 8 to 12 years (Study 2) construct counterfactual possibilities about the cause of an effect (“the child was awake because…”). We test specifically whether people construct the counterfactual possibility by recovering alternatives, for example, “the alarm clock sounded” or by using the syntactic negation using propositional symbols (“his sister did not enter silently”). Moreover, as children show difficulty in thinking with abstract contents, we test whether they construct the counterfactual possibility more readily by recovering concrete alternatives (“the alarm clock sounded”) rather than abstract alternatives (“he had trouble sleeping”). Results showed that children, as well as adults, recovered the alternative as the cause of the effect rather than the negation. Moreover, children, unlike adults, created the counterfactual possibility more frequently by recovering concrete situations rather than abstract situations.

Effect of Reminder Tools on Drug Adherence among Patients on Anti-retroviral Drug in Specialist Hospital Yola, Adamawa State: A Randomized Field Trial

A Minimum Of 95% Drug Adherence Is Necessary To Achieve Immunological And Virological Success In Antiretroviral Therapy, And To Attain This Level; Patients Need To Be Assisted. The Study Therefore Aimed At Comparing The Effect Of Reminder Tools On Antiretroviral Drug Adherence Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The Study Was A Randomised Field Trial. Questionnaire And Adherence Assessment Forms Were Administered To Two Hundred, And Twenty-Five Patients, And Information Was Elicited On Socio-Demographic History, Antiretroviral Drug Usage, And Adherence Behaviour. Alarm Clocks And Counselling Were Given To One Group, Stickers, Reminder Cards, And Counselling To The Second Group, While Counselling Alone Was Given To The Third Group As Interventions. Three Months Later, Data Were Collected From The Same Patients In Order To Compare The Effect Reminder Tools Had On Antiretroviral Drug Adherence Among The Patients. Data Were Entered Into Epi Info Version 3.5.1 2008 Statistical Software And Analyzed. The Optimum Adherence Levels Were 78.7%, 80.0%, And 84.0% At Pre-Intervention Among Groups That Had Alarm Clock With Counselling, Sticker, Reminder Card With Counselling, And Those That Had Counselling Alone Respectively. The Drug Side Effect Was Negatively Associated With Adherence Level (P< 0.05), While Pill Count Was Not Associated With Adherence Level (P>0.05). At Post-Intervention, The Adherence Levels Increased By 18.5%, 6.8%, And 1.9%, Respectively, Among Groups That Had Alarm Clock With Counselling (P<0.05), Sticker, Reminder Card With Counselling (P>0.05), And Those That Had Counselling Alone (P>0.05). The Alarm Clock Was More Effective Than Stickers And Hand-Held Cards In Improving Adherence.

Van Winkle Words

Many coined words lie dormant for a time, a long time even, then – like Rip Van Winkle – re-appear when needed. Such “Van Winkle words” include serendipity, which languished for nearly two centuries after being coined by Horace Walpole in 1754, before twentieth-century developments in science and technology needed that word to describe discoveries-by-chance. Changing circumstances are the alarm clock of slumbering words, waking them up as demand for such terminology mounts: greenhouse effect, vegan, groupthink. Slangy terms such as cool, chill, hip and vibe that sound so contemporary routinely turn out to have a long historical provenance. So do muggle, hobbit, and grit. Once these terms do reappear, they are typically thought to have been coined recently. This exemplifies what linguist Arnold Zwicky calls the recency illusion, “the belief that things YOU have noticed only recently are in fact recent.”

Could COVID-19 eliminate the alarm clock?

Social restriction due to COVID-19 relieves social jet lag.

Father Stefan Wyszyński’s Stay with the Zamoyski Family in Kozłówka: A Reconstruction of Events and Places

The article is an attempt to organize the existing knowledge about the stay of Fr. Stefan Wyszyński at the Zamoyski Palace in Kozłówka, where a state museum was opened after World War II. Almost half a century after the war, historical and museum research began on this subject. It was favored by the changing political situation and the publication of witnesses’ memories. Late in the 1990s, the museum came up with the idea of ​​commemorating the Primate of the Millennium in connection with the 60th anniversary of Fr. Wyszyński’s stay at Kozłówka. At that time, a bust and a dedication plaque were unveiled to commemorate the Primate. The ceremonies were accompanied by the museum’s publication Niezwykły Gość [Extraordinary Guest], containing recollections of the exceptional guest of Jadwiga and Aleksander Zamoyski. The next step taken by the Zamoyski Museum managers to commemorate Primate Wyszyński was the reconstruction of his room, ceremonially opened during the new exhibition “Father Stefan Wyszyński in Kozłówka 1940-1941” on June 21, 2016. The reconstruction of the room was not an easy task for the museum staff, as neither the photos of the room nor the items related to Fr. Wyszyński were available. Some furniture from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was found in the museum’s storage rooms. Several personal items that once belonged to the Primate were placed on the desk, such as a travel alarm clock and a set of writing utensils.

Imaginative Possibilities of Harry Gordon`s Poetry

The author of the article examines the lyrics of the poet and artist Harry Gordon through the category of intermediality, discovering the unique visual possibilities of his word when creating ekphrasises in the narrow sense of the word (�translations from the language of painting�) and works in the author`s artistic form � �daguerreotypes�. The use of the word as a pictorial tool to create artistic imagery by poet Harry Gordon is of scholarly interest. The study is based on the theory of intermediality. The category of �intermediality�, primarily known from the works of the German scholar Aage A. Hansen-Lowe, has been further developed by a number of scholars. Gordon�s landscapes appear as (framed) paintings; portraits are masterfully created; contour, colour, outline actively work along with the word. Literature does not belong to the expressive, but to the fine arts, which can display the contours of actual reality, but the share of representationalism in the poems and the optics of the artists of the word are undoubtedly different. Harry Gordon is a poet in poetry, a painter in painting. However, the intermediality and ekphrastic nature of his poetry is extremely interesting: the poet combines words, colours and outlines as a means of creating artistic imagery, he creates poems as �translations from the language of painting�, literary ekphrasis, works with a multiview lens. The art form, which Harry Gordon called the �daguerreotypes�, is often titled with visual motifs. Often these are images from the lyrical protagonist`s childhood, but a number of them belong to the present. They are mediators that take the protagonist back to the world of childhood, such as the alarm clock. Odessa and, more broadly, maritime motifs (�Dophinovka�, �Privoz�, �Bread Harbour�, �Liman�) are autobiographical. Gordon�s daguerreotypes are mostly images from his childhood, imprinted on the retina of the lyrical character. The lyrical protagonist is often an observer (sometimes the title even specifies the angle from which the observation is made: �At the window�), but often he is also the subject, sometimes observed by another lyrical character, or even an object mentioned but not in the picture. Often Gordon�s poetic pictures are filled with the gamut of experiences of the lyrical self, such as childhood fears, shame and embarrassment, lingering curiosity, excitement, a sense of freshness, longing, etc. With a clear predominance of visual motifs (and even endowing non-visible phenomena with the properties of the visual), Gordon�s �daguerreotype� depicts a picture with sound, smell, taste and tactile sensations. As a result of the study, it has been found that Gordon�s depiction is acquired by sound, olfactory, tactile, gustatory images, with the predominance of the visual, an exchange of signs is observed between the images generated by different senses.

Parody and Caricature in the Satirical Weeklies: Conventions of Perception and Conflict of Interpretations

The article is devoted to the interpretation of parody, satire, and caricature within the framework of premodern, modern, and postmodern societies. Considering mainly Western European and Russian cases, the researchers conclude that system of regulations and conventions linked the addressee and the addresser. The article compares some of the strategies and reputational capabilities of the satirical weeklies "Charivari", "Punch", "Spark", "Alarm clock" and "Dragonfly", an attempt is made to rank these publications according to the degree of public consent and disturbance of the public peace. Finally, conclusions are drawn about taboos and topics prohibited by the legal or moral law, the appeal to which has a clearly conflicting potential.