SENSUAL VARIETY OF TOPONYMS IN THE AZERBAIJANI AND ENGLISH LITERAry s

To create figurativeness in literary style such semantic means of expression as synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are widely used. In the Azerbaijani and English literary texts the semantic meaning of toponyms is expressed in two ways: by using their paraphrased equivalents and by using their new and archaic forms. The synonymous toponyms in literature are used to avoid repetition of one and the same word and give the reader certain information about the toponym. If it is necessary to give imagery in the artistic style, in addition to the semantic shades of toponyms, various phonetic, grammatical and lexical means are also used. Of course, this stylistic event does not happen by itself. This is what arises from the differences in the approaches of writers and poets to words, or rather, toponyms. Apparently, in both the Azerbaijani and English literary style, writers could not but take into account the communicativeness created by the lexical meaning of toponyms as units of language, and the stylistic nuances expressed by their internal semantics. The relevance of this article is defined by the comparative analysis of the semantic meaning of place names on the basis of concrete material of the two languages of different systems (Azerbaijani and English). The aim of the research is to define the semantic means of expression of the place names used within the literary text. The subject of the research is to analyze the function of the place names in the literary texts of the two languages of different systems. The object of the research is the real and fictitious place names used by the Azerbaijani and English writers. In the work the complex technique of investigation is applied and such methods as descriptive, comparative, contextual, stylistic, etc. are used. The Azerbaijani and English literary texts and also scientific literature on onomastic, stylistics and lexicology have been the sources of the research. The results of the work can be applied when teaching special courses, holding seminars, writing research papers and dissertations.

VIRTUAL IDENTITY IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE

The article deals with the virtual identity in the media discourse. It states that there must be information for communication to take place, including virtual communication. The object of research is text-generating language tools in Internet linguistics, and the subject is to determine their participation and role in the formation of the text. The realization of virtual communication is carried out in written and oral form of the language. Any language units such as sentences, texts, discourses (written and oral), non-linguistic units (such as graphemes, grapheme combinations, prosodic means, such as syllable stress, intonation, pause, etc.) can be considered a virtual information carrier. Virtual communication participants must use one of these tools in order to have two-way communication in the communication process. It is important to pay attention to the meaning and content of the communication. For virtual communication there must be a text that is formed for a specific purpose. Until recently, in linguistics, an independent and separate sentence was accepted as the last unit of the syntactic level in terms of hierarchical relations. In our opinion, these shortcomings, which exist at the syntactic level, gives a special impetus to the emergence of such a field as textual linguistics. In the modern world of the Internet, at a time when man-made technology is beginning to open the way to all areas of our lives, it is not surprising that a new field of linguistics � Internet linguistics � is developing very rapidly. The language of the Internet is constantly on the move; it is observed and operates in different types of communication. In the 21st century, the study of the Internet language from a systemic and structural point of view is observed. At present, linguists are focusing on the analysis of different expressions of the new media discourse in the various virtual worlds observed in the process of communication. The formation of an anthropocentric scientific paradigm in linguistics leads to the intensification of linguistic trends related to communication problems. It is noteworthy to note that when approaching communication in a semiotic plan, its consideration as an action carried out with the direct participation of linguo-semiotic means is one of the factors that led to the expansion of discourse. The virtual world is a shining example of the transition observed in the modern Internet world (explicit and implicit) on the basis of communication. The Internet is the most remarkable tool created by living things. Its impact on society and the world is undeniable. In this regard, the formation of Internet linguistics should not be considered a coincidence. Internet linguistics plays an important role in studying the influence of the Internet on language, develops under its own name in modern linguistics and forms the means of communication in different languages.

ON THE CHANGE OF VALUES OF POSTNOMINATIVE APPENDICES IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION IN THE MODERN ENGLISH

Article deals with the changes of the meanings of the post nominal adjectives in the process of transformation in the modern English language. On the basis of the linguoculturological approach and the method of linguistic analysis, the characteristic features of the change in the meanings of post-nominative adjectives in the English language have been revealed. In the English language the adjectives can perform the function of predicative. For the semantics of the adjectives which have the predicative function, these adjectives are characterized by inner qualitative diversity. Mainly, qualitative adjectives refer to classical predication and denote the feature of the object directly. Such adjectives have more features of predication. The predicative sign of the adjective, the presence of a connotation of subjective assessment determines its semantics and use. There are differences between the constructions used in the predicate function in phrases that perform the function of the subject and in the altered form of word phrases related attributively and predicatively. The predicative relation is the immunest form of syntactic connection and in predicative connectives the structural restriction in comparison with attributive constructions is extremely limited. Adjectives as predicative words do not have denotation and reference, they have no denoter, there is a signification. Basing on their indicative characteristics, it is possible to present all the possible semantic features. For the English language it is characteristic the use of the attribute before the defined word. The development from a special sign of thought to a general concept is characteristic for the whole structure of the English language; it is even possible to observe it in word formation. In most cases, taking into account the use of the adjective in the function of an attribute, the terms like postpositional (post nominal) and prepositional (prenominal) adjectives are used. The reasons for the change in the position of adjectives should be sought not always in the nature of the adjective, but in the degree to which it determines its referent. The semes that make up the meaning of the word are at different levels and are more or less stable. In adjectives, the nuclear seme, or subseme, is always found next to the differential seme. In other words, the adjective cannot be combined with nouns in all semantic groups. When an adjective is combined with a noun, a background is formed that allows or prevents the actualization of a particular seme. This causes the activation of a specific seme associated with the semantics of the given name in combination with the given name. Such semes are reflected in the join semantics. The opposite can also be said. The adjective itself chooses the noun for word formation. After all, the same adjective behaves differently in relation to transformation into different attributive complexes. In our opinion, adjectives act as an important restrictive informative element at the content level.

�Oedipus the King� by Sophocles in the Immanent Interpretation of Emil Staiger

by the famous Swiss literary scholar Emil Staiger and to present it to Ukrainian explorers for the first time. Due to the complex application of the historical-cultural, comparative, descriptive methods, the methods of linguistic-stylistic and figurative analysis, the authentic change of the traditional angle of interpretation has been identified: it eliminates the motif of the ancestral curse based on the Theban cycle of myths and shifts the emphasis on personal guilt. It is established that Staiger departs from the traditional explanation of category ??????? as �error� and interprets it as a deep cause of offense, which lies within ourselves, but is devoid of malice, which weighs all the consequences and pursues a specific goal. A �plastic Greek� perceives his guilt as destiny, and destiny differs from conscious activity. It is noted that the researcher distinguishes the work of Sophocles from a number of �tragedies of fate�, recognizing the oracle as a core element of dramatic tension creation. Moreover, the oracle is not interpreted as a symbol of blind reign of eternal fate, but only as a sign of infinite divine knowledge. Thus, the central conflict of the tragedy is the antagonism between Apollo and Oedipus, the god and the mortal: it is not a matter of showing that everything on earth is predetermined, but of distinguishing between infallible knowledge of god and limited knowledge of man and illustrating the gap between man and god. �Know thyself!� � know that you are a human, not a god � this famous aphorism can be considered the idea of tragedy, and Oedipus is the embodiment of the finiteness of human knowledge. It is stated that due to the motive of the court the whole tragedy is perceived as a model of Staiger�s dramatic style (observability of the action, brief description of the characters, conciseness of language). It is notable that the role of judge takes the protagonist himself and he finds the criminal in himself. So the movement returns to its starting point: the circle composition in �Oedipus the King� becomes a loop that is tightened around the neck of the hero. The interpreter names it �tragic irony�, which permeates the semantic outline of the work (especially the double meaning of the words of the characters) and it is manifested in each plot (the man himself fulfils the prophecy, trying hard to divert it). Staiger`s distinctive interpretation of the problem of freedom is emphasized: no matter how deceived Oedipus goes, he comes to admit his guilt and realize the need for punishment, and in the choice of punishment lies his freedom. Ultimately, Oedipus must be defeated in order to preserve the truth of the divine word. However, wilful acceptance of punishment is not a reconciliation of freedom (the hero fought against his fate) and necessity (he lost the fight against fate) in the classical sense, but rather it is related to the tragic emotions, which cause admiration.

SYNONYMIC ASYNDETIC SUBORDINATE UTTERANCES OF POLYPREDICATIVE STRUCTURES WITH THE PARTICIPIAL AND GERUNDIAL HEAD LEXEMES (on the material of French fiction of the 20th � the beginning of the 21st centuries)

In the article absolute pre-, inter- and postpositive grammaticalized and typical agrammaticalized (conventional in discourse but non-conventional in language) participial and gerundial turns and postpositive object participial turns are distinguished and analyzed. They are defined as synonymic subordinate utterances with implicit-explicit predication with the participial and gerundial head lexemes. The goal of this article is to highlight the semantic-syntactic types of synonymic absolute participial and gerundial turns and of object participial turns and to justify their co(n)textual (linguistic and situational) pertinence. Achieving the goal involves solving such problems as: to establish the structural typologies of the participial and gerundial synonymic discourse innovations; to identify the semantic meanings of the primary and actualized structures; to determine the degree of the co(n)textual pertinence of all the members of the synonymic chain within the functional-semantic macrofield. In this research the method of the inverse (discourse > language) reconstruction of virtual (linguistic) transformational processes and the �alternative� linguistic experiment are used to justify the co(n)textual pertinence of the actualized synonymic structure. The analyzed constructions are defined as one- and two-basis synonymic transforms of the primary subordinate proposition actualized in the form of compressed discourse innovations-preferential options with temporal, causal, hypothetical and explicative semantic meanings. The such structural types of these constructions are distinguished: a) absolute participial and gerundial turns build on the models: S (subject) + P pr / p (participle present / past), P pr / � or (D) (stimulator of identification of referent) S + G pr / p (gerund present / past), G pr / p, G p + S; b) �bject participial turns build on the model P pr / � + C (object). By means of the inverse reconstruction all the members of virtual synonymic chains are identified and the degree of their co(n)textual pertinence is experimentally determined. It is revealed that the author uses the strategies of the simplification or the complication of the information to the recipient according to some pragmatic planning of the narration, his communicative intention or his idiostylistic peculiarities. It is proved that the �alternative� linguistic experiment can fail in the case of the implication of some referents non-exteriorized in either pretext or posttext.

�REPRESSED� TERMS IN TRANSLATION DICTIONARIES OF UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGICAL SCHOOLS

This article elucidates a problem of restoring ideologically removed terminological units to modern technical terminology. �Russian-Ukrainian dictionary of scientific terminology. Mathematics. Physics. Earth and Space Sciences�, published in Kyiv in 1998, �Defining Russian-Ukrainian-English Dictionary of Energy� edited by A. Rudnik, published in Kharkiv in 1999 and �Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary of Engineering Technologies� from the terminographic series Word World, published in Lviv in 2013 were analyzed. �Repressed� terms have been found in all analyzed lexicographic works, prepared and published by various Ukrainian schools. Having analyzed the term material of these terminological works, it has been noted that all the authors of mentioned dictionaries reasonably continue to revive the authentic Ukrainian terms. The purpose of the article is to identify tendencies of standardization of Ukrainian technical terminology, common for domestic terminological schools, on the basis of the analysis of �repressed� terms recorded in modern lexicographical works. In the dictionary article they clearly put terms on the first place, that are recommended by the permanent scientific terminological seminar of the Technical Committee for Standardization of Scientific and Technical Terminology of Derzhspozhyvstandart and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, as well as the requirements of the State Standard. It was discovered that lexicographers of Lviv Polytechnic consistently continue the traditions of Ukrainian terminologists of the 1920s, who were employees of the Institute of Scientific Language of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and use methods of describing terminological material typical for the �golden decade� Ukrainian terminology. Descriptive-analytical and comparative methods are applied in the study, according to which the observation of the analyzed lexicographic material is generalized, in particular, the terms that were removed from the Ukrainian technical terminology in the 30s of the twentieth century by terminological bulletins are described. The structural method contributes to the description of word-forming affixes of the studied terms. Analytical and synthetic elaboration of terminographic sources is used to shed light on the historiography of this issue. Based on the analytical-synthetic elaboration of lexicographic works of three domestic terminological schools, the article reveals the following common tendencies of standardization of Ukrainian technical terminology: return to the terminology of unfairly forgotten or forcibly removed nominations; creation of new terms according to Ukrainian word-forming models, restoration of etymological writing and sounding of technical terms; arranging scientific and technical dictionaries by teams of authors � specialists in various technical fields and terminographs; the common position of domestic terminological schools is to focus on the native language soil, taking into account the achievements of previous generations.

THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE PROBLEM OF THE NATIONAL CHARACTER IN THE �EAST � WEST� CONTEXT (on the example of modern Turkish and Azerbaijani stories)

The factor of national identity, which is the complete opposite of globalization, manifests itself in various spheres of human activity such as politics, public life, literature, and various fields of art. Today, national identity is being fought both at the individual and social levels. Globalist theory and globalist thinking in the twentieth century led to fundamental changes in the life of society. In particular, with the globalization of cultures, a synthesis of world cultural values is observed, the process of the emergence of new ones is underway. The development of this diversity in unity is the only possible historical, philosophical and political paradigm of globalization. The problem of national identity is becoming more and more relevant in the struggle between the West and the East. The article deals with the influence of traditions and the theory of global thought on the essence of the national literatures of Azerbaijan and Turkey. The methods of analysis are associated with a conceptual approach to the general directions of literary trends in the modern artistic word. In particular, these are historicalliterary, cultural-historical, comparative and typological research methods. This influence manifested itself through literary movements (modernism, postmodernism, existentialism, feminism), various styles and images oriented towards the West. The negative aspects of globalization tear the artistic image away from ethnic roots, national identity, national and moral values, a person remains alone with his problems, searches for and finds himself in the global world. In Azerbaijani literature, this process is often called �existentialism�, and in Turkish literature �varolusculuk ak?m?�, it is also called �literature of alienation�. In the literature, globalist writers are united by the following features: to keep up with this trend; to join this trend in accordance with the requirements and influences of innovative trends, as opposed to traditionalism; to be a supporter of the ideology of �common cultural values� of globalism with �world man�, �world home�, �secular thought�, �secular thought�, �secular art style�. The world in which a person lives is changing, chaos is formed in the human brain, and the hero in the spiritual world goes in search of truth. In many cases, when this is not achieved, he considers himself small, useless, powerless, helpless in the global world, prone to asceticism, alienation, the feeling of nearness of death becomes normal for him, and he is faced with psychological trauma. This not only alienates a person from national identity, national character, national moral self-awareness, but, as already noted, creates a number of psychological and moral problems.

AXIOLOGEMES IN DEFENSE VS PROSECUTION ENGLISH COURT DISCOURSE

The notion of axiological dimension of texts of English court discourse is researched in the paper. The interdisciplinarity of scientific knowledge has expanded the problem field of the humanities themselves and has led to the need for a new philosophical approach to Language. Therefore, the mutual influence of philosophical disciplines and linguistic disciplines in contemporary humanities discourse is justified in this situation. The central concept of axiology is the concept of value, interpreted from the perspective of psychology, sociology, logic, structuralism, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, and theology. The interpretation of the concept, the attitude to value as a subjective or objective phenomenon, brings together and at the same time alienates the representatives of different sciences. The author deals separately with axiologemes in the discourse of the defense and prosecution and their role in the organisation of the semantic space of the English court discourse. Anti-axiologemes in the discourse of the defense and in the discourse of the prosecution have been identified. The relevance of the article is due to the dearth of research and lack in-depth analysis done on the subject in the context of constant confrontation in the modern information space. Confrontation can be observed at all levels and in all spheres of human life, including judicial activities. The research is carried out at the intersection of several scientific and linguistic paradigms: communicative, cognitive, pragmatic and linguocultural. The logic of the development of these directions of modern linguistic science determined the novelty of this study. In this article, the author in detail describes the process of formation of axiological science. The views of leading scientists dealing with axiology are carefully analysed. The main stages of axiological knowledge development are defined. Considerable attention is given to the applied nature of axiological research. The following goals have been set: to grasp the way of formation of modern axiology, to identify axiologemes and anti-axiologemes that are characteristic of the English court discourse; to characterise their influence on the organisation of the semantic space of texts of court discourse. The analysis of the factual material regarding axiologemes and antiaxiologemes of the English court discourse has resulted in identifying their role in the organisation of the semantic space of the court discourse. Mention should be made of the following methods that were used here to achieve the aim: linguistic observation and analysis, as well as cognitive method, critical discourse analysis method, pragmatic analysis method. Thus, axiologemes in English court discourse are based on fundamental American values. They are represented by such thematic groups as �The value of human life�, �Civic virtues�, �American dream�, �Equality of all before Law� and �The rule of Law�. As well as legal axiologemes: �Proving beyond a reasonable doubt�, �Difficult life situation�, �Tragedy�. Anti-axiologemes in English court discourse are represented by the following thematic groups: �Murder�, �Vicious lifestyle�, �Double life�, �Interest in serial killers�, and �Addictions�. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility to use its provisions and conclusions, factual material in the study of communicativistics, psycholinguistics, discourse analysis, in the practice of translation, linguistics and area studies, in the course of legal writing, oratory art. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the fact that a comparative review of axiologemes and anti-axiologemes used in the discourse of the prosecution and in the discourse of the defense has beenf first introduced.

FOOD AS A CONCEPT OF CULTURE AND INDIAN CODE IN JHUMPA LAHIRI`S WRITING

The purpose of the article is to analyze the culinary concept with Indian gastronomy code analysis in the context of the transcultural paradigm in Jhumpa Lahiri`s writing (an American writer of Bengali origin). In the article we used the following methods: cultural and historical (defining the role and place of Lahiri`s writing in US literature of the twentieth century), historical and typological (determining the specifics of themes, motifs, images, story features of the writer`s works), functional (clarifying the features of Lahiri`s poetics), hermeneutic (interpretation of various aspects of the literary text), narratological analysis (specifics` analysis of Lahiri`s narrative manner), biographical (revealing the reflection of author`s personal experience in her writing), the principles of postcolonial and decolonial criticism (rethinking the problem of �otherness� in transculture discourse). The author of the article notes that food serves as conditional language for characters and as cultural code that interprets by �ours� only � Indian culture representatives. It is indicated that in the context of transcultural understanding, food and the process of its preparation are of particular importance: usual home-cooked dishes are synonymous of protection, security, peace, belonging to one�s home; instead, the presence of �other� exotic dishes makes it possible to get acquainted with the culinary preferences of another culture, as well as to trace the basic similarities and differences.Therefore, cultural culinary differences are found in the kitchen, where the characters are accustomed to spend most of the day and especially carefully prepare the dishes. An interpretation of cooking as a true art is associated with Jhumpa Lahiri`s marginalized / border characters: you need to remember how much, when, and what kind of spices add to the dishes. As a true Bengali women, the characters skillfully prepare �their� traditional dishes. As a result of cooking of two dozen dishes, the smell of mutton curry and pulao (a traditional Indian vegetable pilaf) is especially heard in the rooms. There is a �cultural mix� in the kitchen: Indian dishes are prepared with the help of American household appliances. The �food� concept embodies a cultural phenomenon and allows understanding the features of national Indian cuisine; it is a cultural code that gives meaningful information. The semantic structure of lexical units that fill the �food� concept in Lahiri`s works, as well as cultural and value aspects of this concept are widely represented. It is important to distinguish between home-made daily food or holiday treats, and food as an element of Indian national culture. The writer describes in detail the traditional Indian dishes and the usual, hastily prepared, daily American ones. The reader gets a complete picture of the traditional festive dishes of Indian cuisine. Thus, the structure of the �food� concept can be represented as follows: the names of traditional everyday food (Americans and Bengalis) and traditional American and Bengali holiday dishes. Food is directly connected with gender issues. Eating habits and the way of cooking determine a woman`s identity as well as her difference. Food emphasizes woman`s cultural affiliation: in Lahiri`s writing it is shown that food serves as sacred ritual and art for Indians, in contrast to the American habit of hunger satisfying with semi-finished products. It is noticeable that within Lahiri`s texts the verb �to eat� has a lot of synonyms: to consume, to guzzle, to have, to lunch, to be full of something, to throw down, etc. Using such a variety of lexical and semantic series of one verb, the author reveals the characters` attitude towards traditional Indian cuisine. But what important is not what synonymous series of the word �food� the author uses, but that it conveys Indian culinary customs and traditions. Expressing not meaning but sense, food continues to be an element of Indian national culture.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF BUSINESS ENGLISH DISCOURSE THESAURUS

In this article the features of Business English discourse thesaurus have been analyzed. Knowledge of institutional Business English discourse, which is a sign of translators� activity, is one of the mandatory qualification characteristics of the translator�s language personality in general and the interpreter in particular. Taking into account the specifics of the translator�s professional activity, the peculiarities of Business English discourse thesaurus, including words in their direct nominative meaning, and words with terminological meaning, are determined as well as the features of word-forming model (affixation, word-formation, conversion, reduction, synonymy), frequently used phraseological units that carry certain information about national peculiarities of the worldview of native speakers; metaphorical units and emphatic constructions. Based on the continuous sampling method (to identify lexical units of institutional Business English discourse for further analysis), the method of dictionary definitions (to study the semantics of lexical units), contrastive method (to establish common and distinctive features for translation) and descriptive method (to identify and systematization of features and difficulties of translation of lexical units of Business English discourse) the features of functioning of Business English discourse thesaurus are analyzed. The peculiarities of business discourse include stability and standardization due to the scope of its application between people, institutions and states. Since business discourse is characterized by strict accuracy, objectivity, specificity, conciseness, lack of imagery and emotionality, the choice of language means for it will be determined by the same features, because in the business style, the content should exclude ambiguity and the possibility of ambiguity. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, business discourse in general is characterized by a number of common features, in particular: brevity, compactness of presentation, economical use of language; standard arrangement of material, often mandatory to use the inherent cliches of this style; extensive use of terminology, nomenclature names, the presence of a special layer of vocabulary and phraseology, the introduction of complex words and abbreviations. One main characteristic feature of the lexical composition of business discourse are terms. In addition to terms, there are common and special kinds of vocabulary (words and phrases that do not have the property of the term to identify concepts and objects in a particular field, but used exclusively in this field of communication) at the lexical level in each of the types of institutional Business English discourse. Special vocabulary can include both word-derived words and a number of commonly used words that function in the fixed phrases, thus being considered specialized. Another feature of Business English discourse, manifested at the morphological level, is the wordformation model of business language based on business terminology, which reveals four main ways of morphological word formation: affixation, word formation, conversion, abbreviations (lexical and graphic) and synonymy as a semantic phenomenon. Business English discourse, both oral and written, is characterized by a fairly high degree of idiomaticity, which really is a difficulty for translators working in the foreign economic field. Linguistic material of modern Business English discourse, which distinguishes it from other types of discourses, are precedent metaphors (precedent names, precedent utterances, precedent texts, precedent phenomena). They add a lively and figurative character to the business language, not depriving business discourse of accuracy, but increasing its pragmatic influence, due to their authenticity and high associative potential. In Business English oral discourse emphatic constructions (emphasis often occurs in the form of an inversion or emphatic construction with the previous It) are widely used to emphasize and give an emotionally expressive character to the utterance. Inversion can be conveyed syntactically (sentence reconstruction) and lexically (using various reinforcing words, such as �only�, �very�, �enough�, �too much�), grammatical constructions with It, which stands at the beginning of the sentence, constructions with the so-called Condensed Relative with the relative pronoun what in contracted subject or additional sentences. The most common cases are the presence in sentences of negative emphatic constructions with �no� before nouns. It is established that the success of each specific situation of intercultural business communication directly depends on the translator�s ability to correctly interpret the meaning of expression in the process of his professional activity.