Physicochemical and electrocoagulation treatment of wastewater from a cardboard packaging company

The diagnostics of the physicochemical treatment and electrocoagulation plant of the cardboard packaging company showed that currently, the wastewater has a COD of 18,000 mg/L and suspended solids of 2425 mg/L, therefore, it does not comply with the maximum permissible limits stipulated in nom-001-semarnat-1996. It was found that the physicochemical treatment has a removal efficiency of 33% for COD and 58% of total solids; while the electrocoagulation stage has a negligible effect. In the physicochemical treatment tests, a removal of 92% of the COD was obtained and in the treatment by electrocoagulation, a removal of 37.5% of the residual COD from the previous stage was achieved. This information shows that both treatments can be viable alone or in combination. Objectives: Evaluate the physicochemical treatment and electrocoagulation of wastewater of a company that produces cardboard packaging. Methodology: 1. Develop characterization of wastewater, 2. Develop treatability tests through physicochemical treatment, 3. Develop treatability tests by electrocoagulation treatment, 3. Analyze results. Contribution: This project allowed to know the efficiencies of COD removal, which can be had with the physicochemical treatment, with the treatment by electrocoagulation and with the combined treatment; as well as their optimal conditions in each case. This made it possible to generate operating proposals, which allow reducing operating costs and increasing treatment efficiency.

Quality Management of De-Icing Liquid as an Object for Ensuring Safe Take-Off of an Aircraft

This paper discusses the possibility of the evolution of quality control of an object of ground anti-icing physicochemical treatment of the surface of an aircraft – anti-icing fluids, in «Quality management – an anti-icing fluid as an object of ensuring the safe takeoff of an aircraft.» The definition – «The quality of the anti-icing fluid» has been formulated. Introduced, as a functional, the concept of «Quality of anti-icing fluid at the stage of AIT», for integration into the system «Quality management of anti-icing fluid» – on the basis of knowledge bases about the IAF as a set of all properties expected by the operator. For the implementation of information software support for the AIT process, the concept of «Regeloscopic program of ground anti-icing protection of aircraft» was introduced, on the basis of which a functional model was presented for building a strategy for processing and protection of aircraft from ground-based icing in accordance with modern requirements for airlines – «Security. Profitability. Environmental friendliness».

La bentonita como agente clarificante de un efluente industrial alimentario: su comparación con coagulantes quimicos tradicionales

Los efluentes industriales ocasionan graves impactos ambientales, su adecuado tratamiento y su posterior reutilización contribuye a un consumo sostenible del agua. En esta investigación se evaluó la efectividad de la bentonita (BT) como clarificante y se comparó con los coagulantes químicos tradicionales: sulfato de aluminio (SA) y cloruro férrico (CF) durante el tratamiento de los efluentes de un complejo industrial alimentario. Este estudio se llevó a cabo utilizando aguas residuales provenientes de industrias manufactureras de harina de trigo y pastas localizada en San Francisco, Venezuela. La caracterización del efluente se realizó mediante la medición de los parámetros: demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, demanda química de oxígeno, alcalinidad total, sólidos totales, sólidos suspendidos totales, sólidos sedimentables, color real, pH y turbidez. Los tratamientos se ejecutaron a través de corridas exploratorias con dosis que oscilaron entre 0 y 400 mg/L. El experimento se condujo con un diseño que toma muestras al azar y aplica tres tratamientos (SA, CF y BT), usando el equipo de la prueba de jarra, para reproducir las condiciones de una planta de tratamiento. Las dosis óptimas que permitieron obtener porcentajes de remoción de 98, 90 y 98% para el color y 92, 93 y 97% para la turbidez, fueron 260, 200 y 40 mg/L para el SA, CF y BT, respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos realizados, siendo la bentonita dosificada en húmedo la que arrojó las mayores remociones y generó un efluente que cumplió con la normativa venezolana vigente para descargas en cuerpos de agua. Palabra clave: tratamiento fisicoquímico, aguas residuales industriales, bentonita, cloruro férrico, sulfato de aluminio. Abstract Industrial effluents cause serious environmental impacts, proper treatment and subsequent reuse for multiple uses contributes to sustainable water consumption, which is why it is necessary to apply treatments to improve the conditions of the effluent. The effectiveness of bentonite (BT) as a clarifying agent was evaluated and compared with chemical coagulants: aluminum sulfate (AS) and ferric chloride (FC) by a physicochemical treatment of coagulation-flocculation in effluents of a food industrial complex. This study was carried out using wastewater from a manufacturing industrial complex of wheat flour and pastas. Wastewater characterization was performed by measuring the parameters: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5,20), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), settleable solids (SS), true colour, pH and turbidity. The treatments were carried out by conducting exploratory runs with doses of coagulants ranging between 0 and 300 mg/L. The experiment was conducted by using a completely randomized design with a total of three treatments (SA, CF y BT) and the jar test equipment, which reproduces the treatment plant conditions. Optimal doses obtained for the clarifying agents were 260, 200, and 40 mg/L, for a removal of 98, 90, and 98% for colour and 92, 93, and 97% for turbidity, respectively. There were significant differences between the treatments performed, being the wet bentonite the one that produced the highest elimination percentages. The effluent quality obtained from the treatments fulfilled the Venezuelan standards for discharge in water bodies. Keywords: physicochemical treatment, coagulation, industrial wastewater, effluent, bentonite, ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate.