Role of Oral Zinc Supplementation in treatment of Acute Dehydrating Diarrhea in age 6 months to 5 years

Background: Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS) is the standard recommended treatment for acute dehydrating diarrhea but it has very little role in decreasing stool frequency and volume. Current studies recommend oral supplementation of zinc as an adjunct to ORS in treating acute dehydrating diarrhea of children especially those who are at risk of zinc deficiency and malnutrition. Aim: To determine the effect of oral zinc supplementation on duration of acute diarrhea and intake of ORS in children between 6 months and 5 years of age. Settings: Tehsil Head Quarters Hospital, Besham District Shangla, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from October 2019 to September 2020. Methodology: The study was double blinded Randomized Control Clinical Trial in children aged between 6 months to 5 years of age. A total of 90 children were included in the study. In addition to rehydration, 45 children were given oral zinc (20mg daily) while 45 children were given placebo. Results: All 45(100%) patients in zinc group and 39(86.6%) patients in placebo group recovered after 5 days of treatment. Zinc group had significantly reduced duration of diarrhea (68.3±9.4 vs. 99.8±15.2 hours) and consumed less ORS solution (2.3±0.8 vs. 3.4±1.1 liters) as compared to placebo group. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that oral zinc supplementation in addition to ORS in treating acute dehydrating diarrhea of children has better effect on the clinical course of disease. Key words: Diarrhea, ORS, Zinc, Dehydration.

Kinetics of Electrochemical Nanonucleation by Induced Codeposition of Iron Group Metals with Refractory Metals (W, Mo, Re)

It is shown that the earlier discovered features of the composition and properties of electrochemical coatings obtained by the induced codeposition from alloys of iron group metals (W, Mo, Re) such as nanocrystallinity (X-ray amorphism), macroscopic dimensional effects of microhardness and corrosion resistance, the effect of the volume current density on the properties and composition are a consequence of the fractality of the solutions of complexes (citrate, gluconate, etc.) in combination with the intensive interfacial exchange. In this case, the kinetics of nano-nucleation limits the size of the resulting alloy nucleus, as a result of which water molecules participate in the formation of coatings, leading to the incorporation of oxide-hydroxide inclusions into the solid phase and hydrogenation.

Evaluation of Switching Power Amplifier Topology for Active Magnetic Bearings

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) have led to great progress in the field of rotating machinery due to their many advantages, such as their non-contact and non-lubrication properties. As the key component of an AMB actuator, the switching power amplifier has an important impact on the performance of magnetic bearings and rotating machinery. In this paper, the topologies of switching power amplifiers for AMBs are introduced. The traditional half-bridge topology and two newly proposed topologies—the three-phase-half-bridge and neutralized-sharing-bridge topology—are analyzed and discussed. The volume, current output performance and cost of the power amplifier with different topologies are comprehensively evaluated, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the selection and design of the topology of switching power amplifiers for AMBs under different conditions.

Optimisation of Electromagnetic Components of a Parametrical Voltage Stabilizer with Magnetic Communications between the Nonlinear Coil and a Ballast Element

Optimisation of electromagnetic components of a parametrical voltage stabilizer with magnetic connections between the nonlinear coil and a ballast element on the minimum volume of an electromagnetic element Is resulted. Suitability for optimisation of criterion of equality of losses in core and device windings is considered. Analytical expressions for restrictions in the form of density of a current and an admissible overheat are received. The comparative estimation of use of active materials in the given device and the optimum transformer is made. KEYWORDS: a ferromagnetic element, approximation, core volume, current density, a magnetic induction, an overheat, losses in core, losses in the windings, full electromagnetic power, criterion function, restrictions, thermal balance.

Application of the Gibbs Magnetodynamic Principle to Calculation of the Distribution of Direct Currents in Solid Bodies

The thermodynamic hypothesis of Gibbs allowing to solve a problem by means of the magnetic principle of virtual works is applied to finding of equilibrium distribution of superficial and volume stationary currents in a continuous body. The variation of magnetic energy is considered with the additional conditions defining constancy of currents, two of which having a differential appearance are necessary and sufficient for the solution of a task in case of a one-coherent body. If the considered body two-coherent (torus, a thick ring) appears one more condition is necessary. In work it is shown what this condition which is also providing uniqueness of the decision can be or constancy of the current proceeding through cross section a torus, or a task of a constant stream of magnetic induction through an opening a torus. At problem definition the first option as more evident was chosen. The problem is solved with the help of a method of Lagrange multipliers. The main received result is that circumstance that induction of magnetic field and volume current in volume address in zero. Thus, magnetic field together with currents is squeezed out on a surface. Communication of the received results with Meissner --- Ochsenfeld effect and the London’s equation applied in the theory of superconductivity and also a problem of communication of molecular currents and currents of conductivity are discussed

Effects of roughness and resonant-mode engineering in all-dielectric metasurfaces

The development of all-dielectric metasurfaces vigorously prompts the applications of optical metasurfaces for the visible and near-IR light range. Compared to IR or longer wavelength light, visible and near-IR light have shorter wavelengths. As a result, surface roughness and imperfections of all-dielectric metasurfaces have larger scattering or absorption of visible and near-IR light, thereby directly affecting the performance of an all-dielectric metasurface. In this article, a volume-current method is adopted to study the effect of metasurface roughness. Numerical calculations based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are also used to study the relationship between the effects of metasurface roughness and the optical resonant modes. Numerical predictions based on our theoretical studies fit the experimental data well. Further, the effect of different roughness levels on the all-dielectric metasurface performance is predicted. More importantly, a method utilizing resonant-mode engineering to enhance the metasurface performance (e.g. incident angle insensitivity) is also proposed and demonstrated. This work deepens our understanding of the working mechanism of all-dielectric metasurfaces and paves the way for their use in a broad spectrum of applications.

Mechanical and Electromagnetic Analysis of High Speed Motor/Generator for Electric Turbo Compounding System

Background: Recently, environment friendly technologies are being introduced as global warming is rapidly progressing. One of the effective way to reduce the problem, Electric Turbo Compounding System has been researched globally. With this system, about 30% exhaust gas can be recycled as a power source. Therefore, this system is effective for engine systems with purposes such as downsizing and increasing efficiency of the system. Objective & Method: Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Motor is applied to this system due to its high efficiency, power density, small size, and low weight. However, during high speed operation, a retaining sleeve is essential in rotor such as Inconel 718 to satisfy a mechanical safety factor of the rotor. In this paper, through basic theory, the sleeve thickness is predicted according to the permanent magnet dimension and minimum sleeve thickness is determined satisfying mechanical safety factor by mechanical analysis. Furthermore, by electromagnetic analysis output characteristics according to the permanent magnet dimension having same constraints such as volume, current density, current and flux distribution are compared. Result & Conclusion: Based on the results of the electromagnetic analysis and mechanical analysis, the appropriate ratio of electric and magnetic loading is determined with equivalent constraint condition. Consequently, only model 2 satisfies the requirement at rated and maximum speed within the current limit.