Exploring High School Students’ Cognitive Structures for Energy Concept Through Word Association Test

This research, which was conducted in order to reveal the cognitive structures of high school students regarding the concept of energy through the word association test, was designed in a survey model. Word association test was used as a data collection tool. After the necessary information was given to the students, they were given three minutes and they were asked to write the first words that came to mind about the key concept. The study group of the research consists of 202 students studying in a high school in the province of Malatya in the 2019-2020 academic year. 58 of these students are 9th grade, 46 are 10th grade, 45 are 11th grade and 53 are 12th grade. While choosing the study group of the research, one of the purposeful sampling types was chosen based on easily accessible situation sampling. The words obtained related to the concept of energy are tabulated using Microsoft office excel program. The cut-off points of the tables, which were examined in detail and repeated words were taken into account, were determined. Concept networks were created in line with the determined cut-off points. In the research, 189 different words were produced for the concept of energy by high school students. While 114 of these words were not included in the analysis because they had 4 or less frequencies, 75 words were included in the analysis. Among the words included in the analysis, the most repeated word in the 9th grade was “petrol” (f = 30), the most repeated word in the 10th grade was “fossil fuel” (24), the most repeated word in the 11th grade “electricity” (19), the most repeated word in the 12th grade was found to be “potential” (28). In the comparison between the classes, a difference in quantity and quality is observed. It has been observed that as the grade level increases, the quality of the answers given increases.

REDUPLIKASI DALAM NOVEL GARIS WAKTU KARYA FIERSA BESARI (KAJIAN MORFOLOGI)

The purpose of this research is to describe the reduplication in the aspect of form and meaning in the novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The data are in the form of expressions found in the novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari. Based on the data analysis, thera are 190 expressions of reduplication are found. In the aspect of reduplication, 158 citations were found, with the following details; 1) the most dominant form of reduplication found was whole repetition that was 110 expressions; The dominant form of reduplication is the repetition of affixes that was 34 expressions; the least repetition form were 23 expressions, namely partial repetition; and the form of repetition of phoneme changes found in 3 expressions. As for the aspect of the meaning of reduplication, 32 expressions were found, with the following details: the most dominant meaning of reduplication is seven expressions that was "expressing intensity"; The meaning of reduplication which is quite dominant consists of three parts, namely: 6 expressions for restatement containing the meaning of 'much', 6 expressions for restatement containing words “kinds of”, and 6 expressions of rephrasing which contain the meaning of “weakening the meaning'; and the meaning of reduplication was at least 4 repeated expressions with the meaning of "mutually", then 3 repeated expressionswith the meaning of "which resembles the repeated word".

Poetical reduplications in Alexander Vveden­sky’s fiction

The article is devoted to the study of the poetics of reduplication in Alexander Vveden­sky's fiction texts. The aim of this research is to analyse the functional range of reduplications at different textual levels, from the lexical to the thematic. Reduplication is understood as one of the most important tools of Vvedensky's linguopoetic experiment, aimed at the 'revision' of the ability of language to signify and represent the world and its basic semiotic principles. For Vvedensky, the non-normative punctuation of contact lexical reduplications creates prerequi­sites for perceiving repeated word forms as occasional homonyms, distinguishes the signified behind the signifier, and also problematizes the nature of poetic communication. On the grammatical level, reduplication creates tension between repeated grammar patterns and their lexical realisations, which allows Vvedensky to demonstrate the potential extensibility of syn­tactic models and make grammatical semantics a compensatory mechanism that fills the se­mantic void of the poetic utterance. Vvedensky's thematization of reduplication as the "dou­bling of the world" is a mirror, which deforms and transforms reality. Mirror semiosis illus­tra­tes the loss of iconicity by reduplication and, as a consequence, the impossibility to repre­sent the object by its reflection. The authors conclude that on the level of vocabulary and gram­mar, reduplication creates dynamism in the verbal space of the text, activates its inter­pre­tation and thus creates the situation of gnoseological doubt in the adequacy of language as a means of representing the world. In the thematic field, it deprives the world of its self-iden­tity since objects constantly multiply, lose their distinctiveness or, on the contrary, find mea­ning where it does not exist.

Geographical Descriptions of Spain in Latin Medieval Encyclopaedias: From Isidore of Seville to Vincent of Beauvais (VII-XIII c.)

The article discusses the problem of reception of the description of Spain contained in the Etymologies by Isidore of Seville in Latin medieval encyclopaedias, on the background of the development of the medieval encyclopaedic trend. The etymological-geographical description of his homeland was placed by Isidore in book 14 of his work (14, 4, 28-30). This portrayal was “supplemented” in other places in the Etymologies, among other things, with an etymological-ethnographical aspect (9, 2, 109-114). When presenting Spain, Isidore based his work on works from the Antiquity. He showed mainly a Roman Spain, with few references to the contemporary situation of the country under Gothic rule. In later encyclopaedias, in which geographical sections are present, Isidore’s description of Spain is used to a varied extent. It was either repeated (Raban Maur, Vincent of Beauvais), and shortened, with minor modifications (Honorius Augustodunensis), or combined with information found in, for example, the work of Orosius (Historiae: Historiarum adversum paganos libri VII). In the latter case, the combined whole was still updated (with certain selected facts concerning contemporary Spain). Such descriptions were placed in the works of Gervase of Tilbury and Bartholomeus Anglicus. It should be noted that Gervase of Tilbury added to the presentation of Spain a fragment illustrating its division into archbishoprics and bishoprics. A comparison of medieval encyclopaedic descriptions of Spain written before the middle of the XIIIth century – that is, before the encyclopaedia Speculum maius was compiled, it can be claimed that each of them drew on the description placed in book 14 of the Etymologies; in Speculum maius, the greatest encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages, in its part entitled Speculum historiale, this description was repeated word for word, as mentioned above. It may said, that despite new descriptions of Spain (formulated in the first half of the XIIIth c. by Gervase of Tilbury and Bartholomeus Anglicus), the portrayal drawn by Isidore of Seville maintained its “validity”, as it were. Taking into account the outstanding role of medieval encyclopaedic works in the dissemination of knowledge in this epoch, it may also be claimed that the Spain of that time was perceived (at least till the middle of the XIIIth century) “through the eyes of Isidore” (this fact has its reflection in the cartography of the time). It remains to be seen how this picture changed (and if it changed for good) in the late Middle Ages.

The Use of Indonesian/Malay Orthography in Tempo Doeloe Advertisement and Its Implication for Indonesian Learning

<p>In terms of the history of its compilation, the Indonesian language has applied two of the four existing spellings, the Spelling van Ophuijsen and Spelling Suwandi or Spelling Republican. The Spelling of van Ophuijsen was coined by Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen, a Dutch scholar of Malay, who compiled the book <em>Kitab Logat Melajoe</em> (1901). After Independence in 1945, the next two years, the Spelling Suwandi or Republican Spelling, based on Surat Keputusan No. 264/Bhg.A, date 19 March 1947, signed by Menteri Pengajaran, Pendidikan, dan Kebudayaan Mr. Soewandi. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive method. The data analyzed in the form of advertising <em>tempo doeloe</em> from the website www.wajibbaca.com. These advertisings, once analyzed, use a lot of Spelling van Ophuijsen and Spelling Suwandi or Spelling Republican. The result of this research is Spelling van Ophuijsen marked font <em>oe</em>, <em>dj</em>, and diacritic marks. Meanwhile, the Spelling of Suwandi has marked the font <em>u</em> substitute <em>oe</em> and the repeated word with number <em>2</em>. Spelling in an advertisement can be used in lecture Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia).</p>

Coding of episodic memory in the human hippocampus

Neurocomputational models have long posited that episodic memories in the human hippocampus are represented by sparse, stimulus-specific neural codes. A concomitant proposal is that when sparse-distributed neural assemblies become active, they suppress the activity of competing neurons (neural sharpening). We investigated episodic memory coding in the hippocampus and amygdala by measuring single-neuron responses from 20 epilepsy patients (12 female) undergoing intracranial monitoring while they completed a continuous recognition memory task. In the left hippocampus, the distribution of single-neuron activity indicated that only a small fraction of neurons exhibited strong responding to a given repeated word and that each repeated word elicited strong responding in a different small fraction of neurons. This finding reflects sparse distributed coding. The remaining large fraction of neurons exhibited a concurrent reduction in firing rates relative to novel words. The observed pattern accords with longstanding predictions that have previously received scant support from single-cell recordings from human hippocampus.

Repetition, Return and the Negotiation of Place in The Tree House

This chapter discusses how, in Kathleen Jamie’s The Tree House, intertextual repetends draw attention to the responsive and mutable nature of language in order to ask questions about compositions of place within the natural world. It suggests that repeated words alter in meaning due to the influence of their syntactic environment. It then goes on to discuss how, as the repeated word moves through different syntactic contexts with the resulting alterations in aspects of its meaning, the repetitions can provide possibilities for re-imagining some established narratives – especially concepts of belonging and place. Specifically, the shifts in meaning and resonance allow the poems to ask, in a variety of settings, if and how human-made templates of ownership and mythology are relevant in a contemporary, environmentally compromised world.