Misconception about the Role of a Dose in Pharmacology: Short Review Report on the Biological and Clinical Effects

Screening of the pharmacological property of test chemical substances through experimental design is still a challenge in drug discovery and development. On the one hand, there is scientific misconception about the role of a dose in experimental toxicology. It is considered to be the fundamental concept of toxicology by which the poison of a chemical substance is made which is far from scientific reality due to the fact that the nature of a chemical substance could not be changed by simply quantification. This scientific misconception about the role of a dose in toxicology leads to the introduction of harmful pharmaceutical products to the pharmaceutical market as health care services which affect public health in different ways. On the other hand, the toxic property of a chemical substance is diverse, has a variety of adverse effects which make drug safety screening very difficult to analyse toxicity in a harmonized procedure. In conclusion, the dose has no role to eliminate the toxicity of a chemical substance but it has the role to limit the magnitude of pharmacological effect which determines lifespan of an organism. Since the toxic property of a chemical substance is diverse, an integrated biological approach is preferable to analyse its toxicity in a harmonized manner to be able to limit the introduction of harmful pharmaceutical product to the pharmaceutical market.

Bhawana - Importance in Pharmaceutics of Rasaushadha

Bhawana is an important Samskara mentioned in classics by which even a small dose of a drug may be made to produce a very high result i.e. to increase its potency. Bhawana is a process of wet trituration. The Shodhita metals and minerals with specified liquid media for specified time duration and convert them into finer assimiliable form. Liquid media help in conversion of course powder to finer state. Impregnation of properties of media to the material which lead to unique and suitable physiochemical changes helping in incorporation of organic properties to inorganic substances. It is a systematic procedure of enhancing therapeutic qualities in individual drug as well as formulations. Bhawana exert constant pressure and frictional force. The toxic effects and unwanted properties may be neutralized because of influence of Bhawana dravya. Therefore, knowing of Bhawana Dravya mentioned during various Bhasma and formulation preparation has an important role. By virtue of which it loses and decrease the soluble impurities/ toxic property of the material and results in impartation of desirable therapeutic effects.

Thrombolytic & cyto-toxic property of Ethanol, Acetone & DM water extract of Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp: An in-vitro evaluation

In-vitro evaluation of Thrombolytic and cyto-toxic property of Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp in three different extract, Ethanol, Acetone and DM water extract is the aim of the research work. The methods adopted in the investigation are Brine shrimp Lethality Bioassay for cytotoxic activity determination and in-vitro Thrombolytic study for clotlysis activity determination. The findings of the investigation were significant and found that Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp have potential thrombolytic and cytotoxic activity. Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp may be a new and potential source of thrombolytic and cytotoxic agent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i2.12954 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(2) 2012

STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES

Upon intra-abdominal or intravenous injection of allantoic fluids infected with influenza viruses, mice frequently died within 8 to 96 hours. Similar results were observed upon injection of rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs. Autopsy of the mice revealed widespread necrosis of liver and spleen, hemorrhages into the intestines, pleural exudation, and other occasional findings. Survivors frequently developed pulmonary consolidation or jaundice. The dominant type of lesion depended on the strain of virus used. All attempts to demonstrate propagation of the influenza viruses outside of the respiratory tract failed. It was concluded that the early lesions were the result of toxic activities of the virus and not of virus multiplication in the affected tissues. Injection into chick embryos of highly diluted inocula produced higher titers of virus, hemagglutmin, and toxicity in the allantoic fluids than the use of more concentrated seed culture. Serial passage of various strains in high dilution frequently increased the toxic activity. The infectivity often reached its peak in 24 hours when tests for toxicity were still negative. Maximal toxicity was usually not attained before 48 hours. The toxic activity could not be separated from the infective property by such means as differential centrifugation and adsorption onto and elution from chicken red cells. However, upon heating, formalinization, and irradiation with ultraviolet light, the ability of the agents to propagate was lost at a faster rate than the toxic property. The toxic property remained stable for 2 to 3 months at 4°C. This stability was comparable to that of the infectivity for chick embryos. Specific immune sera neutralized in high dilution the toxic activity of the homologous virus. Non-specific neutralization occurred in low dilutions of normal and heterologous immune sera. Strain differences were indicated by this method of testing. Vaccination of mice by the subcutaneous or intra-abdominal routes protected mice specifically against the toxic effects of intra-abdominally or intravenously injected preparations of virus.