Learning about immigrant and migrant readers, transforming libraries: Spanish-speaking readers in North America

Drawing on data from the qualitative survey study of avid immigrant and migrant Spanish-speaking readers residing in Canada and the U.S., this paper looks at their use of libraries, specifically, in the context of leisure reading. Acknowledging a gap in current research on Spanish-speaking immigrants/migrants, the study focuses on avid lifelong readers rather than information seekers; achieves an understanding of their reading practices and interactions with libraries in the context of their pre-migration experiences; and highlights readers’ suggestions for the improvement of collections, spaces, services, and community engagement. Practical suggestions are made for public, academic, and special libraries.

Migration Strategies and Experiences of Students – Based on own Research in 2020

In the respect of migration, the movement of people in order to achieve their intended goals (material, emotional, academic, etc.), it remains interesting from a research perspective to study the strategies of migrants as participants in migration to approach their lives as well as shaping life based on travelling abroad. The authors as well base their article on the research experience of other authors who analysed similar or equal aspects of migration of Poles after the enlargement of the European Union structures on 1st May 2004. However, due to the limitations of travelling and the impossibility of carrying out field research, we, as authors, determined to interview the academic youth with reference to their opinions on the mentioned issue. After all, young people assume certain strategies for realizing their own plans for life, which might be related to migration experiences or intentions in this area. In this article, the authors will attempt to explain the matter: what are the preferences and opinions of the respondents (students of Kraków’s universities) concerning travelling abroad? We will as well make an effort to define the term of migration strategy from the analytical point of view and we will also try to show the respondents’ strategies in connection with their possible migration experiences or migration intentions.

Patterns and Drivers of Emigration of the Turkish Second Generation in the Netherlands

Using unique longitudinal data from the Dutch population registers, this study investigates the patterns and drivers of emigration of the Turkish second generation born in the Netherlands between 1983 and 1992. Around 13% of the Turkish second generation in the research population emigrated during early adulthood, as compared to 6% of their peers without immigrant parents. Half of the Turkish second-generation emigrants who reported their destination country moved to Turkey, while the other half moved to other destinations, especially the Dutch neighbouring countries. Among the Turkish second generation, unemployment over the previous year was found to increase the likelihood of emigration for individuals with low or middle levels of education, whereas no support was found that higher educated individuals (either employed or unemployed) are more likely to emigrate. However, if high-skilled unemployed individuals of the Turkish second generation emigrated, they appeared more likely to select Turkey as their destination as compared to other (or unknown) destinations. International migration experiences during childhood, living at the parental home, and residing in neighbourhoods with a high share of co-ethnics were also associated with a higher chance of emigration to Turkey, whereas living in the Dutch border regions was associated with a higher chance of emigration to other destinations. Together, the findings indicate that the Turkish second generation has a higher chance to emigrate than their peers without immigrant parents, and that mechanisms specific to the second generation apply to the migration behaviour of this group.

Māori Urban Migrations and Identities, ‘Ko Ngā Iwi Nuku Whenua’: A study of Urbanisation in the Wellington Region during the Twentieth Century

<p>Māori urbanisation and urban migrations have been the subject of much discussion and research, especially following World War Two when Māori individuals, whānau and communities increasingly became residents of towns and cities that were overwhelmingly Pākehā populated. However, Māori urbanisation experiences and urban migrations are difficult topics to address because kaumātua are reluctant to discuss ‘urban Māori’, especially considering its implications for Māori identities. The original contribution this thesis makes to histories of Māori urban migrations is that it explores these and other understandings of urbanisations to discover some of their historical influences. By discussing urbanisations directly with kaumātua and exploring historical sources of Māori living in, and moving to, the urban spaces of Wellington and the Hutt Valley through the twentieth century, this thesis is a ‘meeting place’ for a range of perspectives on the meanings of urbanisations from the past and the present. Although urbanisation was an incredible time of material change for the individuals and whānau who chose to move into cities such as Wellington, the histories of urban migration experiences exist within a scope of Māori and iwi worldviews that gave rise to multiple experiences and understandings of urbanisations. The Wellington region is used to show that Māori in towns and cities used Māori social and cultural forms in urban areas so that they could, through the many challenges of becoming urban-dwelling, ensure the persistence of their Māoritanga. Urbanisations also allowed Māori to both use traditional identities in urban areas, as well as develop new relationships modelled on kinship. The Ngāti Pōneke community is used as an example of the complex interactions between these identities and how many Māori became active residents in but not conceptually ‘of’ cities. As a result, the multiple and layered Māori identities that permeate throughout Māori experiences of the present and the past are important considerations in approaching and discussing urbanisations. Urban Māori communities have emphasised the significance of varied and layered Māori identities, and this became particularly pronounced through the Māori urban migrations of the twentieth century.</p>

Māori Urban Migrations and Identities, ‘Ko Ngā Iwi Nuku Whenua’: A study of Urbanisation in the Wellington Region during the Twentieth Century

<p>Māori urbanisation and urban migrations have been the subject of much discussion and research, especially following World War Two when Māori individuals, whānau and communities increasingly became residents of towns and cities that were overwhelmingly Pākehā populated. However, Māori urbanisation experiences and urban migrations are difficult topics to address because kaumātua are reluctant to discuss ‘urban Māori’, especially considering its implications for Māori identities. The original contribution this thesis makes to histories of Māori urban migrations is that it explores these and other understandings of urbanisations to discover some of their historical influences. By discussing urbanisations directly with kaumātua and exploring historical sources of Māori living in, and moving to, the urban spaces of Wellington and the Hutt Valley through the twentieth century, this thesis is a ‘meeting place’ for a range of perspectives on the meanings of urbanisations from the past and the present. Although urbanisation was an incredible time of material change for the individuals and whānau who chose to move into cities such as Wellington, the histories of urban migration experiences exist within a scope of Māori and iwi worldviews that gave rise to multiple experiences and understandings of urbanisations. The Wellington region is used to show that Māori in towns and cities used Māori social and cultural forms in urban areas so that they could, through the many challenges of becoming urban-dwelling, ensure the persistence of their Māoritanga. Urbanisations also allowed Māori to both use traditional identities in urban areas, as well as develop new relationships modelled on kinship. The Ngāti Pōneke community is used as an example of the complex interactions between these identities and how many Māori became active residents in but not conceptually ‘of’ cities. As a result, the multiple and layered Māori identities that permeate throughout Māori experiences of the present and the past are important considerations in approaching and discussing urbanisations. Urban Māori communities have emphasised the significance of varied and layered Māori identities, and this became particularly pronounced through the Māori urban migrations of the twentieth century.</p>

Temporary Migration as Development Tool? The Potential of Pacific Seasonal Workers to Meet New Zealand and Australia's Development Goals for the Pacific Islands

<p>The concept of temporary migration is commanding increasing attention. As the global community searches for new ways of promoting development in the developing world, and economically-advanced countries continue to experience labour shortages, labour mobility and temporary migration have arisen as potential ‘triple-win’ solutions. This thesis explores the concept of temporary migration as a development tool, using New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme and Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Employer Scheme as models. It examines the extent to which these two recently-adopted temporary migration schemes have the potential to meet the development goals and objectives of New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific region. This thesis argues that in fact, temporary migration can potentially provide a development ‘triple-win’ situation – for the countries that receive the workers, for workers who migrate, and for countries that send the workers in the first instance. However, in the case of New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific, the extent of that triple win depends on a number of factors. Some factors relate to the lessons derived from countries with past temporary migration experiences, about how to manage schemes effectively. Others are specific to the Pacific Island context, the development priorities present in the region, and the unique relationships that exist between New Zealand, Australia and the island states. Therefore, this thesis explores how two temporary migration schemes can be formulated, designed and implemented, in a particular context, to potentially address pressing concerns about development. This thesis does not attempt to analyse whether development objectives have actually been achieved through the schemes but rather assess their potential, as a step towards increasing what we know about how to achieve development in the Pacific, and how other regions of the world can adapt this knowledge in the future.</p>

Temporary Migration as Development Tool? The Potential of Pacific Seasonal Workers to Meet New Zealand and Australia's Development Goals for the Pacific Islands

<p>The concept of temporary migration is commanding increasing attention. As the global community searches for new ways of promoting development in the developing world, and economically-advanced countries continue to experience labour shortages, labour mobility and temporary migration have arisen as potential ‘triple-win’ solutions. This thesis explores the concept of temporary migration as a development tool, using New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme and Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Employer Scheme as models. It examines the extent to which these two recently-adopted temporary migration schemes have the potential to meet the development goals and objectives of New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific region. This thesis argues that in fact, temporary migration can potentially provide a development ‘triple-win’ situation – for the countries that receive the workers, for workers who migrate, and for countries that send the workers in the first instance. However, in the case of New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific, the extent of that triple win depends on a number of factors. Some factors relate to the lessons derived from countries with past temporary migration experiences, about how to manage schemes effectively. Others are specific to the Pacific Island context, the development priorities present in the region, and the unique relationships that exist between New Zealand, Australia and the island states. Therefore, this thesis explores how two temporary migration schemes can be formulated, designed and implemented, in a particular context, to potentially address pressing concerns about development. This thesis does not attempt to analyse whether development objectives have actually been achieved through the schemes but rather assess their potential, as a step towards increasing what we know about how to achieve development in the Pacific, and how other regions of the world can adapt this knowledge in the future.</p>