Dependence of reactions of the external respiratory system in athletes on the orientation of the training process

Issues of improving the functional training (different orientation of the training process) of athletes due the development of the respiratory system, including the respiratory system, as well as increasing the body's resistance to hypoxic stress remain extremely relevant at the present stage of sport development. The aim of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the reaction of the external respiratory system in athletes, depending on the orientation of the training process. Materials and methods. The study involved 104 athletes (84 men and 20 women) skill level from CMS to IMS: 63 – athletes, who developed mainly endurance quality (triathletes, swimmers, long-distance runners, rowing), 31 – strength quality (weightlifters, powerlifting, weightlifting), 10 – speed quality (runners sprinters). The mean age of the athletes under study was 21.75 ± 3.32 years. Among them there are international masters of sports (IMS) – 2 athletes, masters of sports (MS) – 25, candidates for master of sports – 48, athletes of 1 degree – 29. Computer spirometric examination was performed for all athletes using the spirographic complex “Spirocom” produced by LLC “KHAI-Medica” in Kharkiv in accordance with existing recommendations. Research results. Analysis of computer spirometry showed, that athletes, who developed the quality of strength had 18.2 % (P = 0.014) greater vital capacity of the lungs, due to the predominance of respiratory volume by 29.9 % (P = 0.017) and by 42.1 % (P = 0.001) inspiratory reserve volume, but less by 22.4 % (P = 0.019) expiratory reserve volume, than athletes, who improved the quality of endurance. Athletes, who developed the quality of endurance in contrast to athletes, who improved the quality of speed had a higher forced vital capacity of the lungs by 14.9 % (P = 0.031), due to the predominance of a inspiratory reserve volume by 9.8 % (P = 0.049) and expiratory reserve volume by 28.5 % (P = 0.044). Athletes, who improved the quality of speed had lower vital capacity of the lungs by 26.1 % (P = 0.003), forced vital capacity of the lungs by 20.2 % (P = 0.016), due to a decrease of inspiratory reserve volume by 34.2 % (P = 0.008), than athletes, who improved the quality of strength. Athletes, who developed the quality of speed, had greater resistance to air flow in the bronchi of small caliber in the exhalation phase, as evidenced by a lower rate of forced expiratory volume1 by 21.1 % (P = 0.015), the volume of forced expiratory to reach the peak expiratory flow by 30.2 % (P = 0.016), MEF 75 by 22.9 % (P = 0.036), FEF 75–85 by 22.8 % (P = 0.035), than athletes, who developed the quality of strength. Conclusions Athletes, who have developed a quality of strength have a greater vital capacity of the lungs, due to the predominance of respiratory volume and inspiratory reserve volume, but less expiratory reserve volume, than in athletes, who improved the quality of endurance. Athletes, who developed endurance quality, in contrast to athletes, who improved the quality of speed, have a higher forced vital capacity of the lungs, due to the predominance of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes. The function of external respiration of athletes, who improved the quality of speed is characterized by lower vital capacity of the lungs, forced vital capacity of the lungs, due to reduced inspiratory reserve volume, and greater resistance to airflow in the bronchi of small caliber in the expiratory phase, than in athletes, who developed the quality of strength.

The neuronal associations of respiratory-volume variability in the resting state

The desire to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of resting-state (rs-fMRI) measures has prompted substantial recent research into removing noise components. Chief among contributions to noise in rs-fMRI are physiological processes, and the neuronal implications of respiratory-volume variability (RVT), a main rs-fMRI-relevant physiological process, is incompletely understood. The potential implications of RVT in modulating and being modulated by autonomic nervous regulation, has yet to be fully understood by the rs-fMRI community. In this work, we use high-density electroencephalography (EEG) along with simultaneously acquired RVT recordings to help address this question. We hypothesize that (1) there is a significant relationship between EEG and RVT in multiple EEG bands, and (2) that this relationship varies by brain region. Our results confirm our first hypothesis, although all brain regions are shown to be equally implicated in RVT-related EEG-signal fluctuations. The lag between RVT and EEG is consistent with previously reported values. However, an interesting finding is related to the polarity of the correlation between RVT and EEG. Our results reveal potentially two main regimes of EEG-RVT association, one in which EEG leads RVT with a positive association between the two, and one in which RVT leads EEG but with a positive association between the two. We propose that these two patterns can be interpreted differently in terms of the involvement of higher cognition. These results further suggest that treating RVT simply as noise is likely a questionable practice, and that more work is needed to avoid discarding cognitively relevant information when performing physiological correction rs-fMRI.