THE FRONTER AND IT’S COMPONENTS IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to define the concept of the frontier and its components in the historical geography of Ukraine. The concept of FJ Turner's frontier was substantiated in the researches of Ukrainian historians M. Hrushevskyі, S. Rudnytsky, and J. Dashkevych. The source base of the study consists of scientific and cartographic works of historians and geographers. Several aspects of the spatial representation of the frontier are considered – directly in the name "Ukraine", which was identified with the peripheral land and as an integral part of the Ukrainian lands – the Black Sea, the Wild Field, Sloboda Ukraine. It is established that the concept of the frontier as a border or border strip can be considered in the context of the problems of historical geography, and the Ukrainian lands are at the intersection of different border contact zones. The frontier plays a significant role in shaping the ethnic composition of the population, as the contact zone of different ethnic groups is usually formed in such frontline or border areas. A peculiar phenomenon in the context of this concept is part of the Southern Ukrainian territory – Budjak. The opinion is substantiated that the majority of the Ukrainian territory is considered to be a zone of continuous historicalgeographical and chronological frontier.

Connectivity Analysis of Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks

<pre>In this paper, we analyze the connectivity in the underwater optical wireless networks in which similar nodes with a certain range and coverage angle, and random surface distribution are used. In our analysis, we first classify the nodes into two categories of nodes located in the inner area and nodes located in the border strip by defining the width of the border strip as the node range. Then, we conduct their connectivity analyses separately. Finally, by combining the mentioned analyses, we obtain closed form formulas to calculate the probability of connectivity (from orders 1 and 2). Moreover, by numerical evaluation, we will compare the results of the analyses with the results of computer simulation.</pre>

Connectivity Analysis of Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks

<pre>In this paper, we analyze the connectivity in the underwater optical wireless networks in which similar nodes with a certain range and coverage angle, and random surface distribution are used. In our analysis, we first classify the nodes into two categories of nodes located in the inner area and nodes located in the border strip by defining the width of the border strip as the node range. Then, we conduct their connectivity analyses separately. Finally, by combining the mentioned analyses, we obtain closed form formulas to calculate the probability of connectivity (from orders 1 and 2). Moreover, by numerical evaluation, we will compare the results of the analyses with the results of computer simulation.</pre>

Znaczenie sporu polsko‑litewskiego dla bezpieczeństwa II RP w latach 1919‑1922. Wybrane przejawy (cz. 1)

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najistotniejszych przesłanek świadczących o rozpoznaniu przez Polskę zagrożenia litewskiego dla II RP w procesie kreowania bezpieczeństwa odrodzonej Polski. Analizę oparto na materiale archiwalnym z Archiwum Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego w Ameryce oraz dostępnym piśmiennictwie. Przyjęto tezę, że w latach 1919‑1922 istniały liczne przesłanki świadczące o sporze polsko‑litewskim, a polski wywiad wojskowy dysponował dobrym rozpoznaniem przejawów zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa II RP ze strony Litwy. Zaprezentowane argumenty pozwalają stwierdzić, iż antypolskie działania ze strony Litwy Kowieńskiej dotyczyły zróżnicowanych przejawów oddziaływania na bezpieczeństwo II RP i Polaków mieszkających na obszarze Litwy. Spór między państwami miał charakter militarny, dotycząc rywalizacji terytorialnej, ale dotyczył także konfliktu polityczno‑dyplomatycznego. Litwini posługiwali się licznymi aktami dywersji, a także sabotowania działań polskich władz, zarówno na obszarze Ziemi Wileńskiej, jak i pasa przygranicznego wyznaczanego demarkacyjną linią Focha. The importance of Polish‑Lithuanian disputes for security of The Second Polish Republic in the years 1919‑1922. Selected symptoms (part 1) The aim of the article is to present the most important premises demonstrating Poland’s recognition of the Lithuanian threat to the Second Polish Republic in the process of creating the security of a reborn Poland. The analysis was based on archival material from the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in America as well as on available literature. It was assumed that in 1919‑1922 there were numerous indications of a Polish‑Lithuanian dispute going on, and Polish military intelligence had a good recognition of the manifestations of the security threat of the Second Polish Republic on the part of Lithuania. The arguments presented allow us to state that the anti‑Polish activities of Lithuanian Kowienska part concerned various manifestations and had an impact on the security of the Second Polish Republic and Poles living in the territory of Lithuania. The dispute between the states was of a military nature, concerning territorial rivalry, but it also concerned a political and diplomatic conflict. The Lithuanians used numerous acts of subversion, as well as sabotage towards the actions of Polish authorities, both in the area of Wielen Land and the border strip marked by the demarcation Foch line.

NATIONAL POLICY FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHWESTERN PARANA

The research that gave rise to this reflection was aimed at analyzing the implementation of the National Policy for Regional Development programs in the southwestern region of Paraná. On February 22, 2007, through Decree No. 6,047, the National Policy for Regional Development (PNDR, in Portuguese acronym) was institutionalized and on May 30, 2019, through Decree No. 9,810, the II National Policy for Regional Development came into force. In this article, the Program for the Promotion of Sustainability of Sub-Regional Spaces (PROMESO) and the Program for the Promotion of Development of the Border Strip (PDFF) will be analyzed, both with actions developed by the PNDR in the Southwestern Paraná Mesoregion. The article adopts an analytical nature, based on a theoretical-conceptual survey, documental analysis and case study, from a qualitative perspective. The results show that the PNDR had important actions in the southwestern region of Paraná, although it did not achieve the expected results due to the non-application of the proposed planning.

Spatio-temporal viewer on the incidence of cases of Covid-19 in the Mexico-United States cross-border strip

This paper presents an interactive geo-visualizer on the incidence of Covid-19 cases, as well as the associated mortality, in the US-Mexico cross-border strip. This tool allows to compare the evolution of the pandemic process in border municipalities and counties, using interactive graphs that show accumulated case and death curves. The map includes the information of confirmed cases of Covid-19 until August 31, 2020 in the 25 US counties and 38 Mexican municipalities adjacent to the border line, which extend from San Diego/Tijuana to Cameron/Matamoros. It also includes information on the number of border crossings per person from January to July 2020, the purpose of which is to compare the incidence of cases with the behavior of cross-border mobility.