Do Females in a Unisexual-Bisexual Species Complex Differ in Their Behavioral Syndromes and Cortisol Production?

Studies of suites of correlated behavioral traits (i.e., behavioral syndromes) aid in understanding the adaptive importance of behavioral evolution. Behavioral syndromes may be evolutionarily constrained, preventing behaviors from evolving independently, or they may be an adaptive result of selection on the correlation itself. We tested these hypotheses by characterizing the behavioral syndromes in two sympatric, closely related species and testing for differences between the species. We studied the unisexual Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) and one of its bisexual, parent species, the sailfin molly (P. latipinna). Sympatric female sailfin and Amazon mollies compete for mating which could affect the behavioral syndromes found in each species. We identified a behavioral syndrome between exploration and activity in both species that did not differ between species. Additionally, we explored the relationship between a stress response hormone, cortisol, and behavioral type, and did not detect a relationship. However, P. formosa differed from P. latipinna in their cortisol release rates. Behavioral syndromes may be constrained in this complex, aiding in mate acquisition for P. formosa by virtue of having a similar behavioral type to P. latipinna. The difference between the females in cortisol release rates may be a useful mate identification cue for males to offset higher mating mistakes associated with the similar behavioral types.

Aggressive Behaviors of Adult Male Atlantic Spotted Dolphins: Making Signals Count during Intraspecific and Interspecific Conflicts

Some species exhibit behavioral plasticity by altering their aggressive behavior based on their opponent. Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are two sympatric species resident to the northern Bahamas. We examined whether groups of adult male spotted dolphins demonstrated behavioral plasticity during two different types of aggressive interactions. We described and compared the types of aggressive behaviors used during intraspecific aggression and interspecific aggression with bottlenose dolphins. Between the years 1991-2004, twenty-two aggressive encounters (11 intraspecific (spotted only), 11 interspecific (spotted vs. bottlenose)) were behaviorally analyzed. Twenty-three specific aggressive Behavioral Events, further grouped into three Behavioral Types, were examined throughout these encounters. Similarities and differences in the use of the Behavioral Types occurred during intra- and interspecific aggression. Groups of male Atlantic spotted dolphins altered their behavior during aggressive encounters with male bottlenose dolphins. Spotted dolphins increased their use of the Pursuit Behavioral Type and did not use the Display Behavioral Type significantly more than the Contact Behavioral Type during interspecific aggression. The increased use of a more overt and energy intensive Behavioral Type, Pursuit, suggests that Atlantic spotted dolphins altered their behavior during aggressive encounters with bottlenose dolphins to compensate during fights with a larger species and/or to effectively communicate with a different species.

The Manifestation of Locus of Control Depending on the Type of Professional Value Orientations of Students of Governmental Universities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

The article presents the results of the study of the expression of the locus of control depending on the type of professional value orientations in case of cadets of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The analysis of types of professional value orientations showed the cognitive one is the most common in the sample of cadets, which demonstrates the attitude to the learning process and awareness of responsibility for the organization of the process of acquisition and subsequent application of professional knowledge in professional activities. The results of the study showed that representatives with a pronounced emotional type are more focused on interpersonal relationships. Cadets with a pronounced behavioral type of professional value orientations tend to strive to avoid failures and understand the importance of maintaining service relationships. The results obtained can be used by psychologists and employees of the personnel services of the criminal executive system to develop programs of psychological support for the professionalization of prison staff.

Oxytocin promotes convergence in personality between members of a monogamous pair

Social context is critical in shaping behavioral responses to stimuli and can alter an individual’s behavioral type, which would otherwise be fixed in social isolation. For monogamous biparental vertebrates, social context is critical as interactions are frequent and consistent, involving high interindividual dependence and cooperation that can lead to large fitness impacts. We demonstrate that in the strictly monogamous and highly territorial California mouse, individuals alter approach response to an aggressive conspecific playback stimulus, barks, to become more similar to their partner during early bonding prior to pup birth; an effect distinct from assortative mating. Additionally, sustained vocalizations, an affiliative ultrasonic vocalization when used between pair members, correlate with increased behavioral convergence following pair formation suggesting a role for vocal communication in emergent pair behavior. We identified the neuropeptide oxytocin as sufficient to promote behavioral convergence in approach behavior of paired individuals who differed in their initial behavioral type. Social context, specifically pair-bonding, appears vital for behavioral responses to aggressive signals. While non-bonded animals maintained stable responses, pair-bonding led to an emergent property: convergence in behavioral responses. This convergence can be driven by oxytocin revealing a significant expansion in oxytocin’s effects on behavioral coordination.

EKSPLORASI RUANG OLAHRAGA DAN SENI

Sports and art activities are activities that can eliminate feel bored of routinity and daily activities that are very dense, so as to reduce the level of boredom experienced by the community from children up to parents. The sports and arts community center is a forum interaction for everybody. This project was designed as a center of activities with the community of Wijaya Kusuma Village with a mission to become an educational facility that is open for the community to interact, exchange ideas, eliminate boredom by doing sports and arts activities. Cross - programming using spatial spaces that not fit the original function such as overlapping activities is one of the design methods used in this project. Behavioral type methods are used to analyze programs in roles. The education program in this project consists of classrooms for arts and sports activities. While the recreation program in this project consists of sports activities and also art that is outside the building such as parks, jogging tracks, friendly playgrounds, sitting groups and swimming pool areas. Keywords: art; children to parent; educational facilities; sports activities AbstrakKegiatan olahraga dan seni merupakan kegiatan yang dapat menghilangkan rasa kejenuhan rutinitas dan aktivitas sehari – hari yang sangat padat, sehingga dapat mengurangi tingkat kejenuhan yang dialami oleh masyarakat dari mulai anak – anak hingga orang tua. Pusat komunitas olahraga dan seni adalah sebuah wadah interaksi bagi masyarakat dari mulai anak – anak hingga orang tua. Proyek ini didesain sebagai pusat kegiatan bersama masyarakat Kelurahan Wijaya Kusuma dengan misi menjadi fasilitas edu wisata yang terbuka bagi masyarakat untuk berinteraksi, bertukar pikiran, menghilangkan kejenuhan dengan melakukan kegiatan olahraga dan seni. Cross – proggraming dengan menggunakan ruang spasial yang tidak sesuai dengan fungsi asalnya seperti aktivitas yang tumpang tindih merupakan salah satu metode desain yang digunakan dalam proyek ini. Metode tipe perilaku digunakan untuk menganalisa program dalam peranangan. Program edukasi dalam proyek ini terdiri dari ruang kelas kegiatan seni dan juga olahraga. Sedangkan program rekreasi dalam proyek ini terdiri dari kegiatan olahraga dan juga seni yang berada di luar bangunan seperti taman, jogging track, friendly playground, sitting group dan area kolam renang.

The peculiarities of emotional state of children with speech disorders

The state of the aggression problem in the junior schoolchildren with typical psychophysical development and disordered speech in the scientific psychological-pedagogical literature of our and foreign countries is analyzed in this paper. The topicality of this problem in remedial pedagogy and special psychology is found out. The evaluation criteria by types and subtypes of aggression are determined (the self-regulated type includes controlled and competitive subtypes; the latent type of aggression is divided into protective and depressive; the behavioral type includes demonstrative and physical subtypes of aggression). The peculiarities of manifestation (by types and subtypes) of the aggression state, modelling in minds of different types of behavior, the awareness of the internal and external mechanisms of aggression and manifestation of aggression in actions are considered. The aggression manifestation in the junior schoolchildren with typical psychophysical development and disordered speech are studied (henceforth we use the abbreviation: a disorder of speech development – DSD) in the different research fields, specifically, “I am an individual”, “I am in a family”, “I am in the society”. The comparison of the aggression levels among junior pupils with normal physical and psychological development and also in kids with phonetic underdeveloped speech (henceforth we use the abbreviation: phonetic underdeveloped speech – PhUS), phonetic-phonemic underdeveloped speech (henceforth we use the abbreviation: phonetic-phonemic underdeveloped speech – Ph-PhUS) and slovenly manifested general speech underdevelopment (henceforth we use the abbreviation: slovenly manifested general speech underdevelopment – UGSU) is considered.