Fenomena Netflix Platform Premium Video Streaming membangun kesadaran cyber etik dalam perspektif ilmu komunikasi

Netflix sebagai salah satu media layanan streaming video film dan serial televisi dunia memberikan dampak kepada budaya perfilman umat manusia. Menurut penelitian yang diterbitkan oleh Media Partners Asia (MPA) Mempublikasi bahwa platform video premium, seperti Netflix, Viu, WeTV, iQIYI dan Vidio mendapatkan 10% share/bagian dari Share Of Video Streaming Minutes In SEA di Q1 2021 (triwulan 1 tahun 2021). Dari Share Premium Video Streaming in SEA, Netflix telah memimpin konsumsi video premium dengan pangsa 40%, didorong oleh luas daya tarik katalog internasionalnya. Besarnya pemanfaatan Netflix yang begitu masif dan eskalatif di Indonesia, telah diantisipasi oleh Kementerian Kominfo sebagai perpanjangan dari regulator/ pemerintah RI. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif tentang konsep Etika maya/ cyber-ethics. Peneliti mencoba memahami Netflix sebagai entitas bentuk platform film Menggunakan penjelasan Richard A. Spinello mengenai Etika Maya (cyber-ethics) dan argumen Richard A. Spinello terkait Governing and Regulating the Internet yang dipubikasikan pada Artikel ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society tahun 2000 dengan judul Excerpt from CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace. Film dan Televisi dapat dibahas dari berbagai aspek. Dalam konteks di Indonesia, regulasi yang dihasilkan untuk mengatur Film dan Televisi, yaitu lahirnya Undang-Undang Penyiaran No.32 Tahun 2002 dan Undang-Undang No. 33 Perfilman Tahun 2009. Netflix merupakan Platform Premium Video Streaming terindikasi mengandung unsur ponografi, SARA, LGBT, dan sadisme. Namun Netflix tidak bisa diregulasi oleh Undang-Undang Penyiaran No.32 Tahun 2002 dan Undang-Undang No. 33 Perfilman Tahun 2009. Tetapi menggunakan UU Nomor 36 Tahun 1999 tentang Telekomunikasi. Secara Regulasi netflix harus tunduk dengan aturan UU Telekomunikasi. Pemahaman cyber-ethics menjadi pembahasan yang penting dan harus mampu mengkaji perilaku yang sesuai moral, hukum, dan isu-isu sosial sebagai alat interaksi antar manusia. Berdasarkan Excerpt From CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace ada solusi yang ditawarkan oleh Richard A. Spinello (2014) adalah Internet Governance/ Tata Kelola Internet. Selain melakukan Direct State Intervention, negara juga bisa membuat literasi terhadap membangun kesadaran cyber-ethics. Pemahaman Cyber-ethics dapat ditumbuhkan dengan memahami cyber wellness

A Critical Analysis of the Need for a Stronger International Legal Framework for Cyber Ethics in Times of Pandemic

Cyber technologies have changed both social and international relations dramatically. The influence of information and telecommunication technologies (hereafter – ICTs) extends from daily life to fundamental freedoms, economies, public administration and political relations. Recent changes brought by coronavirus has emphasized the world’s heavy dependence on ICTs. The technologies provide a virtual environment for normal working processes, ensure e-procurement for medical equipment and supplies, raise awareness of coronavirus prevention, maintain people’s life at hospitals etc. However, ICTs not only provide considerable benefits to society as a whole, but also can be used for criminal purposes as well as in manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations to inflict substantial damage to critical infrastructure of a state, interfere in elections, block e-government and bank services etc. The pandemic has led to the introduction of new cyber challenges and risks. At the same time, there is no international treaty on cybersecurity as well as on combating cybercrime concluded under the auspices of the United Nations that could be applicable to cope with these newly emerged threats. In this situation, cybersecurity challenges might be addressed through ethical norms, which are more flexible than international legal norms. Thus, in the absence of comprehensive legal response to cyber risks cyber ethics is particularly important. Therefore, the article analyzes international legal basis for international cyber ethics. It distinguishes the types of international relations that are regulated by ethical norms. The research defines new risks to cyber security that have emerged during the pandemic and discusses possible ways to respond them through cyber ethics. The paper expresses a view that ethical rules concerning friendly and responsible state behaviour in the context of combating cybercrime should be reflected in an international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, which is going to be developed under the auspices of the United Nations.

Evaluating Students’ Cyber Ethics Awareness in a Gender-Segregated Environment Under the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

Cyber ethics are essential components of information technology. The COVID-19 situation has brought unprecedented challenges to traditional higher education institutions, especially for students using their electronic devices in all their learning activities. This study focused on cyber ethics perceptions among university undergraduates’ students during COVID-19 conditions. It aims to analyze the extent to which distinct attributes, such as gender, education level, grades, or Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), and major are related to cyber ethics awareness. An online survey was conducted on a sample of 322 undergraduates studying Information Technology majors and other majors to assess university students' cyber ethics awareness levels at a University in the UAE. The results show that, in general, respondents were aware of cyber ethics. In particular, gender and education level were found to directly affect cyber ethics awareness, while major and grades have no statistically significant effect.

Cyberbullying, student nurses’ ethical awareness and the Covid-19 pandemic

Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has increased cyber communication, causing nursing students’ clinical practice to be held in cyberspace. Thus, it is essential to ensure that nursing students develop comprehensive cyber ethics awareness. Moreover, cyberbullying is becoming more widespread and is an increasingly relevant new concept. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the experiences of cyberbullying among nursing students during clinical practice and determine the effects of cyberbullying victimization and cyber environments on their cyber ethics awareness. Research design: Data for this descriptive cross-sectional study were collected in July 2020 using a self-reported questionnaire and analyzed using hierarchical regression. Participants and research context: The study included data from 291 nursing students with more than 6 months of clinical experience who were enrolled in two nursing universities in two cities in South Korea. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board of G University. Written, informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results: Cyberbullying victimization experiences during clinical practice were few. The most common cyberbullies of work- and person-related cyberbullying were nurses and classmates, respectively. Discussion: Cyber ethics awareness was affected by cyber anonymity and the perceived seriousness of cyberbullying; cyberbullying related to clinical practices was a new factor that significantly affected cyber ethics awareness. Conclusions: Hospitals and nursing universities should develop a multi-dimensional, comprehensive, and effective nursing intervention education program to be integrated into the nursing curriculum to enhance cyber ethics awareness and reduce cyberbullying of nursing students.

USE OF CYBER HATE IN THE ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS BY THE MAINSTREAM POLITICAL PARTIES OF PAKISTAN

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to examine the use of cyber hate by the Pakistan’s mainstream political parties. The issue of poll rigging in Pakistan’s General Elections 2013 is examined through discourse analysis of the related tweets. The study also aims at comprehending the extent to which cyber ethics were violated during the digital electoral campaigns. Methodology: Discourse Analysis of the tweets generated from the official Twitter handles of PTI and PMLN leaders was conducted to examine the use of cyber hate by the Pakistan’s mainstream political parties. Violation of cyber ethics was explored through the qualitative interviews of 8 purposively selected social media managers of PMLN, PPP, and PTI. Main Findings: The findings indicated that party leadership/politicians used the elements of cyber hate which included abusive language, provocation, and character assassination against their opponents during the digital electoral campaign in general and regarding the poll rigging issue of Pakistan’s General Elections 2013 in specific. Resultantly the tweets using strong adjectives and metaphors on the political opponents were more frequently re-tweeted and attracted more favorites. Applications of this study: The study can be helpful in various cross-disciplinary areas that focus on the examination of the usage and impact of social media and cyberspace as a medium for hate speech dissemination. The study can significantly contribute to areas related to cyber ethics, digital electoral campaigning, freedom of expression, and political opinion building. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study’s originality lies in its attempt to unfold the foundations of digital electoral campaigning in Pakistan and how cyberhate was used as a pivotal tool for advancing the political narratives in a fragile democratic society.

Cyber ethics adherence and the use of electronic information resources by undergraduates in public universities in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria

Purpose This study aims to investigate the adherence to cyber ethics by undergraduates in public universities in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria when using electronic information resources (EIRs). Design/methodology/approach Descriptive survey research design was used for this study. A total of 7,771 undergraduates of University of Uyo (UNIUYO) and Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU), Nigeria constitute the study population. The sampling technique used for the study is the multistage technique. A sampling fraction of 5% was used to arrive at a sample size of 389. Findings This study revealed that in UNIUYO, more than four-fifths of the undergraduates – 55 (84.6%) in science, 55 (82.1%) in engineering and 61 (81.3%) in education – noted that they used the internet on a daily basis, and in AKSU, almost all the respondents in science (50, 90.9%) and about four-fifths in engineering (45, 80.4%) observed that they also used the internet on a daily basis for academic work. Adherence to cyber ethics guidelines was high at UNIUYO in education (44.2) and science (43.0) and at AKSU in engineering (42.9) and science (44.7). Practical implications The use of EIRs in universities has brought enormous changes, especially on how information are accessed and used by undergraduates. As EIRs have become important component in university libraries and continuously used by undergraduates for academic work, there is the possibility that frequent accessibility and utilization could increase the chances of unethical usage. This study is therefore significant in taming the tide of abuse and misuse of e-information resources in universities. Originality/value The correlation between adherence to ethics guidelines and the use of EIRs was positively significant at both UNIUYO (r = 0.139*; df = 206; p < 0.05) and AKSU (r = 0.136*; df = 168; p < 0.05). A high level of adherence to cyber ethics by the undergraduates can be encouraged and maintained through the formulation of cyber ethics policy in the universities by academic librarians.

Development and Psychometric Analysis of Cyber Ethics Instrument (CEI)

This study developed and validated the psychometric properties of a new instrument, cyber ethics instrument (CEI), for assessing cyber ethics. Items related to cyber ethics were generated from a review of both scholarly and practitioner literature for the development of the instrument. The instrument was administered to university students. A sample of 503 responses was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to extract the factor structure. The results of EFA suggested a six-factor structure (cyber privacy, computer ethics, academic integrity, intellectual property, netiquette, cyber safety), explaining 67.7% of the total variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed acceptable model fit indices. Therefore, the results established the viability of CEI for measuring cyber ethics. The instrument is essential for advancing the field of cyber ethics research as it will serve as a tool educators and researchers can use to measure the current stage of cyber ethics. The results obtained from using CEI can help identify and recommend cyber ethics interventions.