On the "phenomenon of redemption" in scarlet fever

Under this name, Schn1h and Charlton described (Zschr. F. Kinghlk., Bd. 27) the following phenomenon: if a scarlet fever patient is injected into the skin, during the development of a rash, 1 to. From. serum recovering from scarlet fever or a healthy person, then after a few hours at the injection site, the rash disappears in a space with a diameter of 3-5 centimeters. and no longer appears.

Changes in Emergency Department Responses Between SARS and COVID-19 in Taiwan

Background: After SARS outbreak, infectious control polices had been reformed in Taiwan, but there was no evidence to prove its effectiveness. This study compared emergency department (ED) responses to the SARS and COVID-19 epidemics and investigate how policy changes affect infection prevention.Methods: A 2003 questionnaire regarding the responses of EDs to SARS was resent to EDs during the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE), implementation of infection control measures (ICMs), and difficulties in performance were compared. Data collection included hospital level, different PPE types provided and ICMs implemented, timing for using PPE and ICMs, and a difficulty rating scale for ICM implementation.Results: In total, 100 EDs responded to the questionnaire in 2003 was reviewed and compared with 131 EDs in 2020. In COVID-19 epidemic, the use of basic PPEs and ICMs was mostly significantly improved, but the percentage of preparedness in high grade PPEs was still low. Quarantine of fever patients outside of EDs was less performed in small to medium sized hospitals (p=0.008 and 0.004). All of the additional ICMs were significantly less implemented in local hospitals. The timing to use PPE and implement ICMs were simultaneously and significantly performed at early stage. Instituting a fever triage ward and restricting fever patient admission became less necessary. The closure of EDs remained the most difficult to perform in both outbreaks. Conclusion: After the policy reforms, ED responses became earlier and more consistent. However, inadequate quarantine resources at EDs in low- and middle-grade hospitals may lead to breaches in future epidemics.

Business Intelligence Development in Distributed Information Systems to Visualized Predicting and Give Recommendation for Handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Background: Indonesia has 150 dengue cases every month, and more than one person dies every day from 2017 to 2020. One of the factors of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) patients dying is due to the late handling of patients in hospitals or clinics. Health Office of Malang Regency recorded 1,114 cases of DHF that occurred during 2016, and the number of patients room available is limited. Therefore, Malang Regency is used as a case study in this research.Objective: This study aims to make a dashboard to display the predictions, visualize the distribution of DHF patients, and give mitigation recommendations for handling DHF patients in Malang Health Office.Methods: This study used the Business Intelligence (BI) Development method, which consists of two main phases, namely the making of Business Intelligence and the use of Business Intelligence. This research used the making of the BI phase, which consists of four stages, which are BI development strategies, identification and preparation of data sources, selecting BI tools, and designing and implementing BI. In the Extract, Load, and Transform process, this study used essential transformation and forecast.Results: BI method has succeeded in building the dashboard. The dashboard displays the visualization of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever predicted results, detail of Dengue Fever Patient number, Dengue Fever patient trends per year and predictions 2 Monthly patient, and mitigation recommendation for each Community Health Office.Conclusion: We have built the BI Dashboard using the BI development method. It needs some treatment to get better performance. These are improving ETL performance using data virtualization technology, considering the use of cloud computing technology, conducting further evaluations by understanding the critical success factors to determine the level of success and weaknesses.

Australian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are susceptible to infection with a highly divergent and sylvatic strain of dengue virus type 2 but are unlikely to transmit it

Background: Humans are the primary hosts of dengue viruses (DENV). However, sylvatic cycles of transmission can occur among non-human primates and human encroachment into forested regions can be a source of emergence of new strains such as the highly divergent and sylvatic strain of DENV2, QML22, recovered from a dengue fever patient returning to Australia from Borneo. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vector competence of Australian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for this virus. Methods: Four- to five-day-old mosquitoes from two strains of Ae. aegypti from Queensland, Australia, were fed a meal of sheep blood containing 108 50% cell culture infectious dose per ml (CCID50/ml) of either QML22 or an epidemic strain of DENV serotype 2 (QML16) isolated from a dengue fever patient in Australia in 2015. Mosquitoes were maintained at 28 °C, 75% relative humidity and sampled 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Live virions in mosquito bodies (abdomen/thorax), legs and wings and saliva expectorates from individual mosquitoes were quantified using a cell culture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CCELISA) to determine infection, dissemination and transmission rates. Results: The infection and dissemination rates of the sylvatic DENV2 strain, QML22, were significantly lower than that for QML16. While the titres of virus in the bodies of mosquitoes infected with either of these viruses were similar, titres in legs and wings were significantly lower in mosquitoes infected with QML22 at most time points although they reached similar levels by 14 dpi. QML16 was detected in 16% (n = 25) and 28% (n = 25) of saliva expectorates at 10 and 14 dpi, respectively. In contrast, no virus was detected in the saliva expectorates of QML22 infected mosquitoes. Conclusions: Australia urban/peri-urban Ae. aegypti species are susceptible to infection by the sylvatic and highly divergent DENV 2 QML22 but replication of QML22 is attenuated relative to the contemporary strain, QML16. A salivary gland infection or escape barrier may be acting to prevent infection of saliva and would prevent onward transmission of this highly divergent virus in Australia.

Australian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are susceptible to infection with a highly divergent and sylvatic strain of dengue virus type 2 but are unlikely to transmit it

Background: Humans are the primary hosts of dengue viruses (DENV). However, sylvatic cycles of transmission can occur among non-human primates and human encroachment into forested regions can be a source of emergence of new strains such as the highly divergent and sylvatic strain of DENV2, QML22, recovered from a dengue fever patient returning to Australia from Borneo. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vector competence of Australian Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) mosquitoes for this virus. Methods: Four to five day old mosquitoes from two strains of Ae. aegypti from Queensland, Australia, were feed a meal of sheep blood containing 108 50% cell culture infectious dose per ml (CCID50/ml) of either QML22 or an epidemic strain of DENV serotype 2 (QML16) isolated from a dengue fever patient in Australia in 2015. Mosquitoes were maintained at 28°C, 75% relative humidity and sampled 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (DPI). Live virions in mosquito bodies (abdomen/thorax), legs and wings and saliva expectorates from individual mosquitoes were quantified using a Cell Culture Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay (CCELISA) to determine infection, dissemination and transmission rates. Findings: The infection and dissemination rates of the sylvatic DENV2 strain, QML22, were significantly lower than that for QML16. While the titres of virus in the bodies of mosquitoes infected with either of these viruses were similar, titres in legs and wings were significantly lower in mosquitoes infected with QML22 at most time points although they reached similar levels by 14 DPI. QML16 was detected in 16% (n = 25) and 28% (n = 25) of saliva expectorates at 10 and 14 DPI, respectively. In contrast, no virus was detected in the saliva expectorates of QML22 infected mosquitoes. Conclusions: Australia urban/peri-urban Ae. aegypti species are susceptible to infection by the sylvatic and highly divergent DENV 2 QML22 but replication of QML22 is attenuated relative to the contemporary strain, QML16. A salivary gland infection or escape barrier may be acting to prevent infection of saliva and would prevent onward transmission of this highly divergent virus in Australia.

Australian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are susceptible to infection with a highly divergent and sylvatic strain of dengue virus type 2 but are unlikely to transmit it

Background: Humans are the primary hosts of dengue viruses (DENV). However, sylvatic cycles of transmission can occur among non-human primates and human encroachment into forested regions can be a source of emergence of new strains such as the highly divergent and sylvatic strain of DENV2, QML22, recovered from a dengue fever patient returning to Australia from Borneo. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vector competence of Australian Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti) mosquitoes for this virus. Methods: Four day old mosquitoes from two strains of A. aegypti from Queensland, Australia, were feed a meal of sheep blood containing 10 8 50% cell culture infectious dose per ml (CCID 50 /ml) of either QML22 or an epidemic strain of DENV serotype 2 (QML16) isolated from a dengue fever patient in Australia in 2015. Mosquitoes were maintained at 28°C, 75% relative humidity and sampled at 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (DPI). Live virions in mosquito bodies (abdomen/thorax), legs and wings and saliva expectorates from individual mosquitoes were quantified using a Cell Culture Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay (CCELISA) to determine infection, dissemination and transmission rates. Findings: The infection and dissemination rates of the sylvatic DENV2 strain, QML22, were significantly lower than that for QML16. While the titres of virus in the bodies of mosquitoes infected with either of these viruses were similar, titres in legs and wings were significantly lower in mosquitoes infected with QML22 at most time points although they reached similar levels by 14 DPI. QML16 was detected in 16% (n = 25) and 28% (n = 25) of saliva expectorates at 10 and 14 DPI, respectively. In contrast, no virus was detected in the saliva expectorates of QML22 infected mosquitoes. Conclusions: Australia urban/peri-urban A. aegypti species are susceptible to infection by the sylvatic and highly divergent DENV2 virus QML22. Our results indicate that replication of QML22 is attenuated relative to the contemporary strain QML16. Alternatively a salivary gland infection or escape barrier acts to prevent infection of saliva, potentially preventing onward transmission of this highly divergent virus in Australia.

Australia Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are susceptible to a highly divergent and sylvatic dengue virus type 2 strain infection but are unlikely to transmit

Background: Humans are the primary hosts of the dengue virus; However, sylvatic cycles of transmission can occur among non-human primates and human encroachment to forested regions can be a source of emergence of new strains. We reported the isolation of a highly divergent and sylvatic DENV-2 strain (QML22) from a dengue fever patient returning Australia from Borneo. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vector competence of Australian Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for this virus. Methods: Four-day old mosquitoes from two strains of Ae. aegypti from Queensland, Australia, were feed sheep blood meal containing 108 50% cell culture infectious dose per ml (CCID50/ml) of either QML22 or an Australian epidemic DENV serotype 2 strain (QML16) isolated from a dengue fever patient in 2015. Mosquitoes were maintained at 28°C, 75% relative humidity and sampled at 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (DPI). Live virions in mosquito bodies (abdomen/thorax), legs and wings and saliva expectorates from individual mosquitoes were quantified using a Cell Culture Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay (CCELISA) to determine infection, dissemination and transmission rates. Findings: The infection and dissemination rates of the sylvatic DENV2 strain, QML22, within mosquitoes were significantly lower than that for QML16. While the titres of virus in the bodies of mosquitoes infected with either of these viruses were similar, titres in legs and wings were significantly lower in mosquitoes infected with QML22 at most time points although they reached similar levels by 14 DPI. QML16 was detected in 16% (n = 25) and 28% (n = 25) of saliva expectorates at 10 and 14 DPI, respectively. In contrast, no virus was detected in the saliva expectorates of QML22 infected mosquitoes. Conclusions: Australia urban/peri-urban Ae.aegypti species are susceptible to infection by the sylvatic and highly divergent DENV-2 virus QML22. However, our results indicate that replication of QML22 is attenuated relative to the contemporary strain QML16 and/or a salivary gland infection or escape barrier acts to prevent infection of saliva, potentially preventing onward transmission of this highly divergent virus in Australia.