Quantifying Information without Entropy: Identifying Intermittent Disturbances in Dynamical Systems

A system’s response to disturbances in an internal or external driving signal can be characterized as performing an implicit computation, where the dynamics of the system are a manifestation of its new state holding some memory about those disturbances. Identifying small disturbances in the response signal requires detailed information about the dynamics of the inputs, which can be challenging. This paper presents a new method called the Information Impulse Function (IIF) for detecting and time-localizing small disturbances in system response data. The novelty of IIF is its ability to measure relative information content without using Boltzmann’s equation by modeling signal transmission as a series of dissipative steps. Since a detailed expression of the informational structure in the signal is achieved with IIF, it is ideal for detecting disturbances in the response signal, i.e., the system dynamics. Those findings are based on numerical studies of the topological structure of the dynamics of a nonlinear system due to perturbated driving signals. The IIF is compared to both the Permutation entropy and Shannon entropy to demonstrate its entropy-like relationship with system state and its degree of sensitivity to perturbations in a driving signal.

Perbandingan Pengaruh Laba dan Value Added pada Return Saham

The information of value added is considered to be a better company performance measure and has better association on stock returns compared to earning information that is often used. This study aims to compare the relative information content of earnings and value added in explaining stock returns. This research conducted on all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2017. 308 samples were taken using random sampling method. The data analysis technique was simple linear regression. It was found that EVA and FVA as proxies of value added outperformed earnings. EVA is also found to be more associated with stock returns compared to FVA. The theoretical implication is in addition to references to further research regarding company performance measurement and stock returns. The practical implications is a matter of consideration for investors to make investment decisions and reference for corporate in financial decision making according to preferences of shareholders. Keywords: Earning, economic value added, financial value added, stock return, relative information content

Information Isometry Technique Reveals Organizational Features in Developmental Cell Lineages

ABSTRACTLineage trees of embryonic development contain much subtle information about the embryogenetic process. One type of information is contained in how the order of nodes are sorted at each level of the tree. Sorting of lineage trees is accomplished using a specific criterion for all levels (each representing a division event) of the tree, resulting in new types of trees (e.g. differentiation tree). Another type of information can be revealed from pairwise comparisons of each type of tree. By using a binary classifier to quantify the first type of information (ordering by level), we can obtain a quantitative measure for the second type of information by using the Hamming distance between equivalent positions in two trees. In this paper, we will introduce a method for calculating and visualizing the information content of embryogenesis called the information isometry technique. Information is extracted from developmental lineages using a binary classification system, and visualization is accomplished through the construction of isometric graphs, which re-represent a tree topology as a series of isometric lines. As the points representing each segment of an isometric line changes color, there is a shift in the underlying tree and its constituent cells. Isometric graphs reveal a number of patterns within cell lineages, including the relative information content of specific subtrees.

Advantages of borehole vector gravity in density imaging

Borehole gravity is an effective method for directly imaging anomalous mass distributions at large depths, and it has broad applications in mineral and petroleum exploration and production. The method is presently limited to vertical gravity data only. The anticipated development of vector gravimeters may change this scenario dramatically. There was a need to understand the potential capability of vector gravimetry and to develop corresponding modeling and interpretation techniques. We introduced a set of numerical modeling tools for vector gravity and examined the relative information content of vertical and vector gravity data in borehole environments. Through simulations, we illustrated that vector gravity was superior to vertical gravity in applications such as locating and characterizing anomalous mass and in tracking the movement of fluid injection in reservoirs.

Document lattices

If the information conveyed by the markup in a document can be identified with the set of inferences we can draw from that markup, as has been proposed in earlier work, then the sets of inferences licensed by documents form an infinitely large lattice, by means of which the relative information content of any two documents (equivalence, subsumption, contradiction, consistency) can be displayed visually. The sets of inferences licensed by markup can be used to test translations from one markup language to another for equivalence or information loss; a simple example using XHTML and CALS table markup illustrates the process.

The relative information content of cash flows and earnings affected by their extremity

Purpose – Many studies examine the relative information content of earnings and cash flows from operations. Most studies find that earnings have higher information content than cash flows. An interesting question that follows is whether these findings hold after controlling the extremity of earnings and cash flows. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative information content of earnings and cash flows in the following four different cases: first, moderate earnings vs moderate cash flows, second, extreme earnings vs moderate cash flows, third, moderate earnings vs extreme cash flows, and fourth, extreme earnings vs extreme cash flows. Design/methodology/approach – To assess the relative information content of earnings and cash flows for each of the four cases mentioned above, the authors compare the explanatory power for regression of returns on unexpected earnings relative to regression of returns on unexpected cash flows. Therefore, the author compares the adjusted R2 of the model with earnings variables and the model with cash flows variables using Vuong's test, that examines the statistical significance of the difference between adjusted R2s of the rival (non-nested) models, and interpret a statistically higher adjusted R2 as an indicator for higher relative information content. Findings – The results show that: first, when both earnings and cash flows are moderate, earnings are more highly associated with stock market price changes than cash flows, second, when both earnings and cash flows are extreme, earnings also have greater relative information content than cash flows, third, when the extremity differs between earnings and cash flows, the moderate variable is superior to the other extreme variable in explaining security returns. These results suggest that earnings are definitely more value relevant than cash flows. However, only in cases when cash flows from operations are moderate and earnings are extreme, cash flows possess higher information content than earnings. Practical implications – The explanatory power for stock returns will be higher for earnings or cash flows depending on which is more highly persistent. This result reverses the conventional finding of the superiority of earnings over cash flows in explaining security returns. Originality/value – In contrast to previous studies, the authors control for the extremity of earnings and cash flows when evaluating the relative information content of earnings and cash flows from operations.