Spatial Justice

Marginalized communities around the world are disproportionately impacted by the distribution of unjust infrastructure and environmental conditions. However, through distributive, procedural, and restorative frameworks, it is possible to teach spatial designers to challenge, inform, and reshape the world toward a more just and equitable future. This chapter delves into the various themes developed as part of the “Spatial Justice” professional elective at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers an interdisciplinary perspective on urban studies, urban design, and the roles that social, environmental, and ecological justice play in designing a more just and equitable urbanity. In this course, students explore critical urban theory, justice, counter cartographies, design activism, participatory systems, and spatial agency using alternative mapping methodologies to render legible latent sociospatial asymmetries.

Echo’s Embrace

This chapter seeks to bring together two relationships, the first, between science and art in the West during the period of modernity and the second between the fabric of sound-space and the rendering of Echo. Following the dis-articulation of sound-space pre-empted by Sabine’s equation for reverberation (and its adoption by the acoustic profession) I draw together the various traits of echo as mythic figure, as disembodied voice and as acoustic phenomenon to consider the re-articulation of sound-space through sound-art practice. This chapter offers to artists, acousticians, and architects an alternative mapping of the history of acoustics by drawing the reader’s attention to the work of Athanasius Kircher. I suggest that he is as much the father of the acoustic arts as Mersenne, his contemporary, is the father of the acoustic sciences.

SURG-09. EXTRAOPERATIVE CORTICAL MAPPING VIA IMPLANTED SUBDURAL AND DEPTH ELECTRODES FOR MAXIMIZING ELOQUENT AREA GLIOMA RESECTION

OBJECTIVE Aggressive, even supramarginal, resection without compromising the neurological status of the patient remains a great challenge in the management of glioma cases. Accurate cortical and subcortical functional mapping allows more radical glioma resection. Numerous imaging, electrophysiological, and hybrid methodologies have been employed in the cortical mapping of patients with gliomas in eloquent areas. Despite the recent advances of these non-invasive modalities, direct electrical cortical and subcortical stimulation and mapping through an awake craniotomy remains the gold standard for maximal glioma resection and preservation of eloquent cortex functions. Extraoperative stimulation and mapping via implanted subdural and/or depth electrodes may be a valid alternative mapping method in these cases that an awake procedure is not feasible. The role of this mapping method is examined in our current study. MATERIAL & METHODS In a retrospective study, 51 patients undergoing extraoperative stimulation and mapping for glioma resection were included. The demographic data, the clinical characteristics, the stimulation parameters and complications, the extent of resection, the perioperative complications, and the tumor histological grade were analyzed. Shapiro-Wilk test, as well as uni- and multi-variate regression analysis was used for our statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean age of our participants was 58 (SD: 9.4) years. The location of the glioma was on the left side in 80.4%, while the frontal lobe was affected in 51.0%. Extraoperative cortical and subcortical stimulation and mapping was successful in 94.1%. The median stimulation procedure was 2.0 hours, while the median implantation time was 72 hours. Stimulation-induced seizures occurred in 13.7%, while CSF leakage in 5.9% of our cases. The mean extent of resection was 91.6%, while transient dysphasia occurred in 21.6%, and transient hemiparesis in 5.9% of our cases. CONCLUSIONS Extraoperative stimulation and mapping constitutes a valid alternative mapping option in glioma patients, who cannot undergo an awake craniotomy.

Moving Fergus Hume’s The Mystery of a Hansom Cab and Breaking the Frame of Poe’s ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue’

This chapter discusses Fergus Hume’s The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, which is famous as one of Australia’s first bestsellers, its first crime novel and a celebration of Melbourne society at the end of the nineteenth century. It demonstrates how the novel’s physical mobility, on which much of its fame is predicated, and the readability of the modern city, of which it is often considered exemplary, are in fact surprisingly lacking. In their place, and around the focal points of their absence, not least of which is the eponymous cab itself, rich veins of metaphorical mobility are seen to spread out, leading to an alternative mapping of the novel’s signs, including the potential for an alternative solution in line with the detective criticism of French scholar Pierre Bayard.

Mapping Syrian Refugee Border Crossings: A Feminist Approach

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees calls the ongoing Syrian Civil War “the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era.” Since 2011, over 5.4 million individuals have fled across borders throughout the region and further abroad into Europe. Western media have documented Syrian border crossings and stories through riveting journalism, interviews, photography, and maps. While the written and photographic reporting of Syrian stories use captivating imagery and testimonials to convey the traumatic experiences of individuals, these experiences are limited in the accompanying cartographic coverage. Instead, Western media’s cartographic practices commonly aggregate refugees into flow lines, proportional symbols, and reference points, and frequently simplify border experiences into homogeneous, black line symbols. Flow lines, homogeneous border symbols, and other mapping conventions silence the experiences of individual Syrians and negate emotions, perils, and geopolitical issues linked to border crossings. I ask the following research questions: How can the cartographic portrayal of Syrian peoples’ border experiences be improved to more fully represent their experiences? Furthermore, how can a feminist perspective inform an alternative mapping of borders and border experiences? Through a feminist lens, I have developed an alternative mapping technique that emphasizes borders as a theoretical and conceptual advancement in cartographic design and border symbolization. By rendering Syrian border stories and experiences visible with cartography, my work nudges critical and feminist cartographies forward and gives Syrians a geographic voice unavailable to them through conventional cartographies.

Interrupting the Courtroom Organism: Screaming Bodies, Material Affects and the Theatre of Cruelty

This article offers a method of reading the courtroom which produces an alternative mapping of the space. My method combines a reading of Antonin Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty with a Deleuzian theoretical analysis. I suggest that this is a useful method since it allows examination of the spatial praxes of the courtroom which pulsate with a power to organize, terrorize and to judge. This method is also able to conceptualize the presence of ‘‘screaming’’ bodies and living matter which are appropriated to build, as well as feed the presence and functioning of the courtroom space, or organism. By using a method that articulates the cry of these bodies in the shadow of the organism, it becomes clear that this cry is both unwelcome and suppressed by the courtroom. The howl of anxious bodies enduring the process and space of the law can be materialized through interruptions to the courtroom, such as when bodies stand when they should not and when they speak when they should be silent. These vociferous actualizations of the scream serve only to feed the organism they seek to disturb, yet if the scream is listened to before it disrupts, the interruption becomes-imperceptible to the courtroom. Through my Artaudian/Deleuzian reading, I give a voice to the corporeal gasp that lingers before the cry, which is embedded within the embodied multiplicity from which it is possible to draw a creative line of flight. The creative momentum of this line of flight produces a sustainable interruption to the courtroom process, which instead of being consumed by the system, has the potential to produce new courtroom alignments. My text therefore offers an alternative reading of the courtroom, and in doing so also offers a refined understanding of how to productively ‘‘interrupt’’ the courtroom process.

Transfer of orthogonal stimulus–response mappings to an orthogonal Simon task

When up–down stimulus locations are mapped to left–right keypresses, an overall advantage for the up–right/down–left mapping is often obtained that varies as a function of response eccentricity. This orthogonal stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) effect also occurs when stimulus location is irrelevant, a phenomenon called the orthogonal Simon effect, and has been attributed to correspondence of stimulus and response code polarities. The Simon effect for horizontal stimulus–response (S–R) arrangements has been shown to be affected by short-term S–R associations established through the mapping used for a prior SRC task in which stimulus location was relevant. We examined whether such associations also transfer between orthogonal SRC and Simon tasks and whether correspondence of code polarities continues to contribute to performance in the Simon task. In Experiment 1, the orthogonal Simon effect was larger after practising with an up–right/down–left mapping of visual stimuli to responses than with the alternative mapping, for which the orthogonal Simon effect tended to reverse. Experiment 2 showed similar results when practice was with high (up) and low (down) pitch tones, though the influence of practice mapping was not as large as that in Experiment 1, implying that the short-term S–R associations acquired in practice are at least in part not modality specific. In Experiment 3, response eccentricity and practice mapping were shown to have separate influences on the orthogonal Simon effect, as expected if both code polarity and acquired S–R associations contribute to performance.