Opus Oppidum: Research for architecture, research beyond the city

10.26686/wgtn.17059910.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Breanna Urquhart

Keyword(s):

Design Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Small Towns ◽

Urban Theory ◽

Critical Engagement ◽

Final Design ◽

Critical Urban Theory

<p>Metropolises around the globe continue on the path of relentless growth under the extreme forces of urbanisation, whilst the provinces are neglected. This design-led research builds on recent discussions concerning New Zealand’s regional inequality and decline, calling upon the critical role of architecture. It asks, what about the small towns? What about the non-city? The research presented in this thesis was deployed through a dual inquiry; Firstly, it explores the emergent rurban context of the non-city as architecture’s project; Secondly, it seeks to reveal methods for architecture’s critical engagement as a catalyst towards regional transformation and prosperity. An uninhabited ‘buffer zone’ between Port Otago and the township of Port Chalmers is presented as the rurban context for architecture’s project. Developed in parallel to the design inquiry, the theoretical framework discusses new critical urban theory, arguing for a new lens to which design methods and experiments within form and field can be tested. The dual inquiry reveals strategies and tactics towards a transformative rurbanism equating to the final design proposition: Opus Oppidum: A possible armature. The conglomeration of the final design proposition, theoretical framework and exploration of design method, form a body of work that establishes the rurban condition (the non-city) as a place that desperately needs architecture’s critical engagement, and a place that is critical for the discipline of architecture.</p>

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New Urban Spaces

10.1093/oso/9780190627188.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Neil Brenner

Keyword(s):

Urban Life ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

Urban Restructuring ◽

Urban Fabric ◽

Urban Theory ◽

Intensive Research ◽

Spatial Strategies ◽

Critical Urban Theory ◽

The City

The urban condition is today being radically transformed. Urban restructuring is accelerating, new urban spaces are being consolidated, and new forms of urbanization are crystallizing. How can these transformations be deciphered? In this book, critical urban theorist Neil Brenner argues that confronting this challenge requires not only intensive research on urban restructuring but new theories of urbanization. To this end, Brenner proposes an approach that breaks with inherited conceptions of the urban as a bounded settlement unit—the city or the metropolis—and explores the multiscalar constitution, political mediation, and ongoing rescaling of the capitalist urban fabric, from the local and the regional to the national and the planetary. New Urban Spaces offers a paradigmatic account of how rescaling processes are transforming inherited formations of urban life, the role of multiscalar state spatial strategies in animating them, and their variegated consequences for emergent patterns and pathways of urbanization. The book also advances an understanding of critical urban theory as radically revisable: key urban concepts, methods, and cartographies must be continually reinvented in relation to the relentlessly mutating worlds of urbanization they aspire to illuminate.

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Ideology and International Institutions

10.23943/princeton/9780691207322.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erik Voeten

Keyword(s):

International Institutions ◽

Critical Role ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

World Politics ◽

The Past ◽

Multilateral Institutions ◽

Militarized Conflicts ◽

Rising Power ◽

Institutional Order

Today's liberal international institutional order is being challenged by the rising power of illiberal states and by domestic political changes inside liberal states. Against such a backdrop, this book offers a broader understanding of international institutions by arguing that the politics of multilateralism has always been based on ideology and ideological divisions. The book develops new theories and measures to make sense of past and current challenges to multilateral institutions. It presents a straightforward theoretical framework that analyzes multilateral institutions as attempts by states to shift the policies of others toward their preferred ideological positions. It then measures how states have positioned themselves in global ideological conflicts during the past seventy-five years. Empirical chapters illustrate how ideological struggles shape the design of international institutions, membership in international institutions, and the critical role of multilateral institutions in militarized conflicts. The book also examines populism's rise and other ideological threats to the liberal international order. It explores the essential ways in which ideological contestation has influenced world politics.

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The constitution of the city and the critique of critical urban theory

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/00420980211011028 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 004209802110110

Author(s):

Allen J. Scott

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Special Reference ◽

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

Urban Theory ◽

Critical Urban Theory ◽

Developmental Phases ◽

The City

A theoretical account of the genesis and internal spatial structure of cities is given. The essence of the urbanisation process is described in terms of the following main developmental phases: (a) the emergence of relationships based on specialisation and interdependence in society; (b) the pre-eminent role of the division of labour within these relationships and its recomposition in dense spatial nodes of human activity; and (c) the concomitant formation of the networked intra-urban spaces of the city. These phases are then contextualised within three intertwined dimensions of urban materiality, namely, an internal dimension (the internal organisation and spatial dynamics of the city), a socially ambient dimension (the relational structure of society at large) and an exogenous dimension (the geographic outside of the city). In light of this account, an evaluative review of what I designate ‘the new critical urban theory’ is carried out, with special reference to planetary urbanisation, postcolonial urban theory and comparativist methodologies. I argue that while every individual city represents a uniquely complex combination of social conjunctures, there are nonetheless definite senses in which urban phenomena are susceptible to investigation at the highest levels of theoretical generality.

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The Critical Role of Market Segmentation

Actor-Network Theory and Technology Innovation ◽

10.4018/978-1-60960-197-3.ch011 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 162-177

Author(s):

Thierry Rayna ◽

Ludmila Striukova ◽

Samuel Landau

Keyword(s):

Market Segmentation ◽

Critical Role ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

The Other ◽

Digital Audio ◽

Market Segment ◽

Crucial Importance ◽

First Mover ◽

Do So

The aim of this research is the investigate the role played by market segmentation, in general, and by the choice of initial market segment, in particular, in the ability of a product to cross the chasm. To do so, a theoretical framework, enabling to explain the ability of some firms to cross this chasm, while many others remain unsuccessful is developed. The key result of this research is that the choice of initial market segment has crucial importance as adoption in this segment can lead to a cascade of adoption in the other segments. To illustrate this proposition, three cases studies of an historical leader (Sony), a first mover (Archos) and a newcomer (Apple) in the market for digital audio players are presented.

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The Flinn Effect in Russia: Impact of Settlements’ Size

Experimental Psychology (Russia) ◽

10.17759/exppsy.2021140308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 104-121

Author(s):

K.V. Sugonyaev ◽

A.A. Grigoriev ◽

A.S. Panfilova

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Critical Role ◽

Small Towns ◽

Online Testing ◽

Large Cities ◽

Flynn Effect ◽

Iq Scores ◽

Intelligence Scores ◽

The Impact

The rise in the intelligence tests scores across the generations, known as the Flynn effect, is widely studied in various countries due to critical role of intelligence as the most important component of human capital. Several explanations for the Flynn effect have been proposed, none of which have a predominant status. At least partly it can be explained by deficiency of studies devoted to the influence of various moderators on the speed and trajectory of the intelligence scores gain. This study presents the results of an analysis of the impact on the Flynn effect of such a poorly studied factor as the settlements’ size of a populated point. Intelligence scores (n = 267116) obtained during large-scale online testing of men aged 18—40 years between 2012 and 2019 were distributed among seven categories of populated points determined by their population size. Significant differences were revealed both in the level of IQ scores and in the rate of its growth, depend- ing on the respondents belonging to these categories. Differences in the level of intelligence of residents of megalopolises and small towns are 7 IQ-points on average, and the dynamics of growth in intelligence scores in the period 1983—2000 differs in some of the categories by more than 2 times. The smallest trend for this period was in cities with a population of 100 to 249.9 thousand people. Possible explanations for the differences are suggested. In particular, the selective migration of the most educated and intellectual part of their population to large cities and capitals may be a possible mechanism for inhibiting the Flynn effect in settlements with a smaller population.

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How Public Relations Impact on a Company's Effectiveness

Organizacija ◽

10.2478/v10051-008-0010-x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 91-98

Author(s):

Damjana Jerman ◽

Goran Vukovič ◽

Bruno Završnik

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Public Relations ◽

Empirical Analysis ◽

Critical Role ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Primary Data ◽

Independent Variable ◽

The Impact ◽

Overall Effectiveness

How Public Relations Impact on a Company's EffectivenessThe role of public relations is dealing with the identification of organization's strategic public and developing communications programs for building solid, open and trusting relations with them. Many companies have taken a limited view of the impact that public relations can have on company's overall effectiveness. This paper consists of two parts: the theoretical framework for the role of public relations in the overall effectiveness of the company and an empirical analysis based on the primary data collected. We classified and analyzed different public relations factors (i.e. factors related to managing and implementing public relations) that influences the effectiveness of the company. We explored the correlation between public relations and a company's effectiveness and argued that public relations factors play a critical role in that effectiveness. We used linear regression and we found a significant linier relationship between the independent variable (public relations) and the dependent variable (company effectiveness).

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The Role of the SLP in Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening and Assessment

Perspectives on Language Learning and Education ◽

10.1044/lle15.2.50 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 50-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amy Philofsky

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

Critical Role ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Prevalence Estimates ◽

Notable Increase ◽

Screening Assessment ◽

Critical Components

AbstractRecent prevalence estimates for autism have been alarming as a function of the notable increase. Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in screening, assessment and intervention for children with autism. This article reviews signs that may be indicative of autism at different stages of language development, and discusses the importance of several psychometric properties—sensitivity and specificity—in utilizing screening measures for children with autism. Critical components of assessment for children with autism are reviewed. This article concludes with examples of intervention targets for children with ASD at various levels of language development.

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