Words on Fire

In May, 1861, when Kelso stood in front of his hometown’s courthouse, voiced support for the Union, and denounced his secessionist neighbors as traitors, he had a lot to lose. He had remarried, graduated from college, opened his own school, and lived with his wife and three children on a beautiful little farm in Buffalo, Missouri. But conscience and a sense of virtuous manhood made him declare his unpopular political sentiments as Missouri fractured with the beginning of the Civil War. A week later he interrupted a secessionist rally and, risking getting shot down in front of a crowd of angry, armed men, gave a rousing speech to rally Unionists to the American flag. He became a major in the Home Guard militia, but then, after the disastrous Union loss at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, headed to the state capital to join the Union army.

Citadel of Labor

This chapter surveys the role of Civil War memory in the construction of labor patriotism in the American Federation of Labor. Mirroring its anti-revolutionary leadership, notably Samuel Gompers, the AFL moved increasingly away from labor militancy and electoral strategy. The rise of national blue-gray reconciliation paralleled the Federation’s maturation, as well as the establishment of Jim Crow unionism. Labor Day, Decoration Day, and Fourth of July marches were incubators of nationalist pageantry in which white workingmen venerated the veteran alongside the industrial soldier and the union label alongside the American flag. By World War I, the Federation had used Civil War memory to embrace class conciliation and nationalism as leaders, and “respectable” workers complied with government repression of the labor left.

Evaluación del efecto de la presencia de hongos patógenos y metabolitos secundarios sobre la germinación en tres hortalizas de hojas

Las semillas de hortalizas de hoja son más sensibles al ataque de patógenos, por lo que es necesario estudiar el potencial fisiológico de las misma. Para ello se evaluó la calidad fisiológica de semilla de acelga (Fordhook Giant), ajo porro (Large American Flag y American Flag) y espinaca (New Zealand y Viroflay). Para ello se determinó el porcentaje de germinación, porcentaje de emergencia (PE), velocidad de emergencia (VE), índice de velocidad de emergencia (IVE), microbiota y metabolitos secundarios por cromatografía de capa fina. Para las evaluaciones de germinación, emergencia e identificación de patógenos se realizaron 4 repeticiones usando 100 semillas por repetición. Los resultados muestran un bajo desempeño fisiológico en semillas de espinaca New Zealand y Ajo porro (Large American Flag y American Flag), lo que se vio reflejado en las variables de GE (%), PC (%), VE e IVE debido a la presencia de hongos de los géneros Rhizopus, Fusarium, Penicillium, y las bacterias, que redujeron el vigor de las plántulas, así como un número importante de plántulas anormales, mientras que las semillas de espinaca Viroflay y Acelga Fordhook Giant presentaron una mejor germinación al primer conteo, sin embargo, los problemas relacionados con el vigor se reflejaron en las variables PE, VE, IVE, y con alto desarrollo de plántulas anormales, adicionalmente se detectó la presencia de los flavonoides el cual se asoció a una menor incidencia de Penicillium sp., en la semilla de espinaca viroflay aumentando la GE en el primer conteo y la germinación total.

Has the Effect of the American Flag on Political Attitudes Declined Over Time? A Case Study of the Historical Context of American Flag Priming

We report findings from a meta-analysis on all published and unpublished studies from our labs (total N = 9,656) examining the priming effect of the American flag on political attitudes. Our analyses suggest that, consistent with the studies we originally published in 2011 (T. J. Carter et al., 2011b), American flag primes did create politically conservative shifts in attitudes and beliefs during the initial time period when data were collected (even excluding the published studies), but this effect has since declined over time to be roughly zero, though we believe that other interpretations, including false positives, are plausible. We discuss possible interpretations of this decline effect and the importance of considering the historical context inrelation to the priming effects of symbols whose meaning is not static over time. We also highlight the value of publicly posting data, emptying file drawers, and conducting direct as well as conceptual replications.

The Marketplace Doubles Down

This chapter focuses on the shift from the order and morality theory to the marketplace theory that took place in a series of landmark cases that span decades. It recounts events wherein the First Amendment upheld the right to protect critiques of public officials in 1964, rights of racists to engage in rituals such as cross burning in 1971, and right to protect the burning of the American flag in 1989. It also reviews the First Amendment principles of the modern epoch that exerted a powerful gravitational pull on the events in Charlottesville in 2017. The chapter mentions Paul Cohen who was arrested for wearing a jacket designed with a vulgar message and convicted of tumultuous and offensive conduct. It notes how Cohen's involvement with graphic language made a shift to the marketplace theory that embraces the protection for the graphic use of symbols.

Book Review: The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law

The average American displays the national banner every Fourth of July, shows respect by placing his or her hand over their hearts when it passes by in a parade, and (those of us of a certain age, anyway) remembers facing the starry standard in grade school while reciting the pledge of allegiance. Ask these same average Americans how much they actually know about Old Glory, however, and it may become apparent that the answer is “not much.” Therein lies the need for the present volume under examination.

The American Flag and the Alaska Native Brotherhood

The Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) (est. 1912) is one of the oldest Indigenous rights groups in the United States. Although critics have accused the ANB of endorsing assimilationist policies in its early years, recent scholarship has re-evaluated the strategies of the ANB to advance Tlingit and Haida governance at the same time that they pursued a strategic commitment to the settler state. Contributing to this re-appraisal of the early ANB, this article examines photographic documentation of the use of the American flag in ANB Halls from the period 1914–1945. I argue that the pairing of the American flag with Indigenous imagery in ANB Halls communicated the ANB’s commitment to U.S. citizenship and to Tlingit and Haida sovereignty.