THE PORTRAYAL OF THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE IN SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS AND NATION FORMATION IN MOROCCO

This article investigates the portrayal of the pledge of allegiance in school textbooks of middle school with a focus on nation construction. Drawing on the Ethno-Symbolist approach to nation formation, as developed by Anthony Smith, the school textbooks are analyzed qualitatively. The findings reveal that pledge of allegiance is portrayed as a national symbol that characterizes Moroccan nation formation and persistence over a long durée, from ethnie to pre-modern to a modern entity.

Selections Of Jurisprudential Issues In Which Reason Must Be Mentioned In Book Of "Al-Ashbaah Wal-Nada'er" By Imam Al-Suyuti

Islamic law permits testimony as a means of establishing rights before the courts due to the people's need for it. That testimony is a trust that must be performed upon its request. So the witness does not have the right to arrange judgments on the grounds for it, but his job is to say what he hears in terms of acknowledgment and pledge of allegiance, or what he has seen of authorization and destruction. Then he transmits that to the judge, then the judge’s job is to arrange the effects on their causes, so the witness is a mediator, and the judge is disposed, and the binding reasons differ in them. Based on the aforementioned, I took research and extrapolation in the books of likenesses and analogues, especially the book of "Al-Ashbaah Wal-Nada'er" by Imam Al-Suyuti. It is a reason according to one of the imams, hence I liked to study the important of these issues of jurisprudence scientific study in an independent research. I have recorded it under the title: (Selections Of Jurisprudential Issues In Which Reason Must Be Mentioned In Book Of "Al-Ashbaah Wal-Nada'er" By Imam Al-Suyuti (D: 911 A.H.) - Testimony Topic Model -, naming, fourteen issues, proven in the folds of research.

When Alterations are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals

From Catholics performing the sign of the cross since the fourth century to Americans reciting the Pledge of Allegiance since the 1890s, group rituals (i.e., predefined sequences of symbolic actions) have strikingly consistent features over time. Seven studies (N = 4,213) document the sacrosanct nature of rituals: Because group rituals symbolize sacred group values, even minor alterations to them provoke moral outrage and punishment. In Pilot Studies A and B, fraternity members who failed to complete initiation activities that were more ritualistic elicited relatively greater moral outrage and hazing from their fraternity brothers. Study 1 uses secular holiday rituals to explore the dimensions of ritual alteration—both physical and psychological—that elicit moral outrage. Study 2 demonstrates that altering a ritual elicits outrage even beyond the extent to which the ritual alteration is seen as violating descriptive and injunctive norms. In Study 3, group members who viewed male circumcision as more ritualistic (i.e., Jewish versus Muslim participants) expressed greater moral outrage in response to a proposal to alter circumcision to make it safer. Study 4 uses the Pledge of Allegiance ritual to explore how the intentions of the person altering the ritual influence observers’ moral outrage and punishment. Finally, in Study 5, even minor alterations elicited comparable levels of moral outrage to major alterations of the Jewish Passover ritual. Across both religious and secular rituals, the more ingroup members believed that rituals symbolize sacred group values, the more they protected their rituals—by punishing those who violate them.

Book Review: The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law

The average American displays the national banner every Fourth of July, shows respect by placing his or her hand over their hearts when it passes by in a parade, and (those of us of a certain age, anyway) remembers facing the starry standard in grade school while reciting the pledge of allegiance. Ask these same average Americans how much they actually know about Old Glory, however, and it may become apparent that the answer is “not much.” Therein lies the need for the present volume under examination.

الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك وشبهة اجتماع العقود دراسة تحليلية The Lease Contract Ending with Ownership and the Suspicion of Multiple Contracts - An Analytical Study

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة مفهوم عقد الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك، وتكييفه الفقهي، كما يهدف إلى سبر أغوار أقوى الشبه المثارة عليه، وعلى مشروعيته، وهي مسألة اجتماع العقود في عقد واحد، ومدى صحّة هذه الشبهة، ونصيبها من الأثر والنظر. ومدى صحة القول باندراجها تحت النهي النبوي الشريف عن بيعتين في بيعة، وصولا إلى الخاتمة التي ستودع فيها أهم النتائج والتوصيات، حيث خلصت الدراسة إلى ضعف هذه الشبهة، وتأكيد عدم اندراج عقد الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك في النهي النبوي الشريف عن بيعتين في بيعة. الكلمات المفتاحية : العقد ، التأجير التمويلي ، المعاوضات ، التبرعات ، المشاركات This research aims at studying the concept of a lease contract ending with ownership, and its idiosyncratic conditions, as well as exploring the depths of the strongest similarities raised on it and its legitimacy. This is the issue of issuing multiple contracts in one contract, the extent of the validity of this suspicion, and its impact and consideration. The validity of what is said by its inclusion under the Prophet’s prohibition on two sales in a pledge of allegiance, up to the conclusion which will show the most important results and recommendations. The study concludes with this suspicion which proves that it is weak and to confrm that the lease contract ending in ownership is not included in the Prophet’s prohibition of two sales in allegiance. Keywords: contract, fnancial leasing, exchanges, donations, posts

Die Heiligtümer der Nation. Abraham Lincoln, Erinnerungskultur und die „nationale Einheit“ der USA

In US-American nation building, Abraham Lincoln played such a vital role that he became a major focal point in US politics, society and culture. His significance even reached dimensions of religious worship, which represents a key characteristic of US culture of remembrance. Especially in modern, pluralistic democracies, such an intertwining of nationhood and religion may cause societal tensions. This paper deals with Lincoln’s efforts to create a religion of the nation, establishing a hegemonic culture of remembrance. Based on the concept of „civil religion“, it investigates the meaning and implication of religious elements, particularly the „Pledge of Allegiance“, and the role of history in the contemporary USA.

Boko Haram

The chapter explores Boko Haram’s regional expansion and links to international jihadi movements such as al-Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM) and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). The chapter highlights how the move beyond Nigeria’s borders is unlikely to have been driven by genuine international or pan-Islamic ambitions but, instead opportunism and the pursuit of its domestic agenda had been at the core of Boko Haram’s interaction with AQIM first and the pledge of allegiance to ISIS later. The chapter also reflects on the repercussions of the insurgency campaign beyond Nigerian borders and the regional dimension of the resulting humanitarian crisis. Responses to such challenges have translated into international efforts to what, however, remains a localized phenomenon.

The Establishment Clause and Public Schools

The purpose of this report is to explore and elucidate the application of the Establishment Clause to the activities of U.S. public schools, primarily through an examination of relevant case law. It is intended to facilitate an understanding of the fundamental principles and nuances of this legal issue throughout its history. The first sections offer a glimpse of the history of the Establishment Clause itself, including a discussion of the historic Supreme Court cases that laid the foundation off of which many of the decisions to be examined are built. Subsequent sections, organized by specific issue, analyze Establishment Clause cases that involve public schools, and have two primary objectives: to determine established precedents, and to discover trends and inconsistencies. Specific issues addressed include evolution and creationism in curricula, released time programs, prayer in class, and recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.

A Message to the Unbelievers’ Leaders

(17 FEBRUARY 2015) [Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim] Available at: http://jihadology.net/2015/02/17/al-urwah-al-wuthqa-foundation-presents-a-new-video-message-from-jamaat-ahl-al-sunnah-li-l-dawah-wa-l-jihads-boko-%e1%b8%a5aram-abu-bakr-shekau-a-message-to-the-leader/ This video follows the high point of Boko Haram’s territorial control, and was issued shortly after its second major assault upon the Borno capital of Maiduguri on 1 February 2015. Shekau here threatens the upcoming Nigerian presidential elections, scheduled for 14 February. In the event, they were not held on time, but postponed because of the large territory controlled by Boko Haram. Already, however, the Nigerian army was beginning to roll back Boko Haram by the time this was issued, and had recaptured the town of Monguno, close to Maiduguri. Boko Haram was also overextending itself by attacking Chad overtly for the first time on 13 February. This video is also unique for the fact that it was the first video of Shekau produced under the media agency al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqā, which signaled the unification of Boko Haram’s factions prior to the pledge of allegiance to the Islamic State...