Wari Women as symbols of power; and a case for client states

This paper explores the characteristics of the expansion of the Wari empire. It reviews the evidence across the Andean region where the data for the relationship of the imperial elite with local ruling hierarchies is demonstrably varied. Assorted strategies pragmatically deployed by Wari served to exert its control and reflect a client state approach to its growth. The political basis for its relationship with the local elites is considered based on polygamous marriage structures and marriage alliances arranged between the imperial ruling circle and the regional chiefs, thereby creating kin structures with inequal duties and obligations of the regional polities with the imperial centre. This model is derived from Late Horizon ethnohistorical sources and tested in the available archaeological data.

Algeria, Informal Empire Manqué

This chapter shows that the expedition of Algiers in 1830 was in part inspired by a project of small coastal settlement, combined with a vague aspiration to informal domination over the Algerian hinterland. This project was rooted in Enlightened and liberal thought about empire and continued to inform French policy after the Revolution of 1830, as shown by the official motto of occupation restreinte (limited occupation) and efforts to turn 'Abd al Qadir's new Arab emirate into a client state. The failure of this policy may have been inevitable, but it was precipitated by contingent factors, including a territorial tussle between the French and 'Abd al Qadir in the eastern Constantine province and the great European war scare of 1840, which highlighted the precariousness of French settlements on the North African coast. Only then did the French government embark on a deliberate policy of territorial conquest. However, the mediocre economic returns of territorial rule led the Second Napoleonic Empire to try to adopt a less formal style of domination by transforming the French colony into an “Arab Kingdom.” Ultimately, Algeria did not only become a very formal type of colony by design; it can also be construed as a case of informal empire manqué.

KARAKTERISTIK KONSELI DAN PERMASALAHANNYA DALAM BIMBINGAN KONSELING

Implementation guidance and counseling there are some components that must exist to run properly and effectively. Components are a counselor, a client and issues. The counselor is the person who provided assistance while clients are those who need assistance and problems experienced by the client state; unsettling, disturbing and confusing. The problem is a challenge to counselor o develop knowledge with existing theories. The counselor is expected to assist clients out of its problems so that the client can work as usual without any problems and obstacles.

LOBBYING OF THE TURKISH INTERESTS IN THE U.S. UNDER THE PRESIDENCY OF D. TRUMP

The author analyzes the structure of the Turkish lobby in the U.S. and main issues of PR and GR support of the Turkey’s interests in Washington. The activities of the Turkish- American Caucus in the Congress and some Turkish- American NGOs are also considered. Sources of primary information are reports for the years 2018–19 of a registered foreign agents in accordance with The Foreign Agents Registration Act, 1938. There are three main directions of lobbying the Turkish interests in the U.S.: • threats related to large- scale economic sanctions for the invasion of Kurdish areas of Syria in 2019; • problems that arise after purchasing the Russia’s C-400 ground-to-air missiles and lead to a discord between NATO allies and Turkey; • Turkey and the U.S. face tough decisions on relations after President Erdogan aims to eliminate preacher Gulen that is hiding in the U.S., and accused by the Turkish authorities of involvement in the attempted coup in Turkey in 2016. There are other issues in Turkish- American relations that are being served by lobbyists: the recognition of the Armenian Genocide, the decision of the Trump’s administration in 2018 to raise import tariffs on Turkish steel and aluminum as well as the White House’s and Turkish opposition blames Erdogan’s regime for violation of human rights and civil freedoms. The author’s conclusion is that the attempts to lobby the Turkish interests with the obvious tensions between Trump and Erdogan have little chance of success. As it is known, Turkey was a political competition tool for the U.S. and USSR in era. But nowadays President Erdogan tries to revise patron- client state relationship with the U. S. Moreover the Turkey’s interests have not been represented by lobbyists in a way that does not contradict the U.S. interests. Only the delivery information to the lawmakers doesn’t guarantee to desirable decisions.

Credible Nuclear Security Commitments Can Backfire: Explaining Domestic Support for Nuclear Weapons Acquisition in South Korea

How does the alliance between a client state and its nuclear ally influence support for proliferation in the client? Conventional wisdom suggests that when nuclear security guarantees are not credible, support for proliferation will be high, since a domestic nuclear capability offers an alternative source of deterrence. I introduce a new theory, which posits that highly credible security guarantees can backfire by causing some individuals to fear their ally might miscalculate—either by using nuclear weapons in an unnecessary preventative attack or by precipitous escalation of a crisis or conflict. Survey experiments conducted among representative samples of South Korean citizens in 2018 and 2019 support this theory, showing that increases in the credibility of the US nuclear security guarantee lead to increased support for nuclear proliferation among South Korean respondents.

The Moneychangers (Şarrāfs) in Mughal India

The Mughal exchange economy can be visualised as comprising twin circles of cash and credit. In the first, transactions were conducted in currency money (metallic and non-metallic) consisting of fresh imports and pre-existing stocks. In the second, payments were deferred to pre-fixed dates using credit instruments. The circles of cash and credit grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, possibly more in the latter. This paper is about a unique professional group, the ṣarrāfs, whose members engaged themselves in both these circles. They were essentially assayers and moneychangers who operated in the market or worked for a client (state, village community, members of the ruling class, merchants), or carried out both functions at the same time. The possession and handling of cash enabled them to diversify their operations, the most important being banking. As bankers, the ṣarrāfs accepted deposits on interest, gave commercial and consumption loans, and transferred money from one place or person to another through bills of exchange (hundī) and book entries (giro). The ṣarrāfs facilitated the movement of money and merchandise also by covering risks on payment of premium (inland, marine and credit insurance).