Algeria, Informal Empire Manqué

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-122
Author(s):  
David Todd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Returns ◽  
North African ◽  
French Government ◽  
The North ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Client State ◽  
Coastal Settlement ◽  
Liberal Thought ◽  
Formal Style

This chapter shows that the expedition of Algiers in 1830 was in part inspired by a project of small coastal settlement, combined with a vague aspiration to informal domination over the Algerian hinterland. This project was rooted in Enlightened and liberal thought about empire and continued to inform French policy after the Revolution of 1830, as shown by the official motto of occupation restreinte (limited occupation) and efforts to turn 'Abd al Qadir's new Arab emirate into a client state. The failure of this policy may have been inevitable, but it was precipitated by contingent factors, including a territorial tussle between the French and 'Abd al Qadir in the eastern Constantine province and the great European war scare of 1840, which highlighted the precariousness of French settlements on the North African coast. Only then did the French government embark on a deliberate policy of territorial conquest. However, the mediocre economic returns of territorial rule led the Second Napoleonic Empire to try to adopt a less formal style of domination by transforming the French colony into an “Arab Kingdom.” Ultimately, Algeria did not only become a very formal type of colony by design; it can also be construed as a case of informal empire manqué.

Briefly Noted

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-742
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Press Release ◽  
The Other ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
European Court ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Grand Chamber

On February 13, 2020, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) announced its decision in N.D. and N.T. v. Spain. According to a press release from the Court, the case concerned two individuals (one from Mali and the other from Côte d'Ivoire) who were immediately returned to Morocco from Spain after unlawfully entering the autonomous Spanish city of Melilla on the North African coast. The individuals argued that their return to Morocco violated ECHR Articles 4 of Protocol 4 (prohibition of collective expulsion) and Article 13 (right to an affective remedy). The ECtHR disagreed, basing its decision on the fact that the two applicants unlawfully entered Melilla. The Court stated that because the two individuals had chosen not to make use of lawful channels for entry, their immediate return to Morocco without individual assessment of their cases for asylum "was thus a consequence of their own conduct" (para. 231). Because the Court found no violation of article 4, it could not make a finding with respect to article 13.

Ribāṭs in Mecca during the medieval period: a descriptive study based on literary sources

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Mortel
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
North African ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Initial Appearance

The Islamic institution of the ribāṭ appears to have made its initial appearance along the North African coast, in what is today Tunisia, during the second/eighth century. In the first phase of its development, the ribāṭ was essentially a fortress located at a sensitive point along the Islamic frontier, garrisoned by pious individuals who envisaged their vocation as participation in the jihād, the defence of the lands of Islam against external foes.

scholarly journals Meteorological Patterns Associated with Intense Saharan Dust Outbreaks over Greece in Winter

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Nastos
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Saharan Dust ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
North African ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Strong Surface ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The Mediterranean Basin and southern Europe are often affected by Saharan dust outbreaks, which influence the aerosol load and properties, air quality standards, visibility and human health. The present work examines, mainly of the meteorological point of view, three intense dust outbreaks occurred over Greece with duration of one or two days, on 4 and 6 February and 5-6 March 2009. The synoptic analysis on the dusty days showed the presence of low-pressure systems in the west coasts of Europe and the north Tyrrhenian Sea, respectively, associated with a trough reaching the north African coast. The result of these conditions was the strong surface and mid troposphere winds that carried significant amounts of dust over Greece. During the dusty days extensive cloud cover associated with the dust plume occurred over Greece. The air-mass trajectories showed a clear Saharan origin in all atmospheric levels, while the satellite (MODIS Terra/Aqua) observations as well as the model (DREAM) predictions verified the intense dust outbreaks over eastern Mediterranean and Greece. The ground based particulate matter concentrations in Athens were excessively increased on the dusty days (PM10: 150–560 μg/m3), while significant dry and wet deposition occurred as forecasted by DREAM model.

The role of interpreters in the conquest and acculturation of the Canary Archipelago

Interpreting ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Sarmiento Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Testing Ground ◽  
African Coast

From the mid-fourteenth century to the end of the fifteenth, the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula used the Canary Archipelago as a testing ground for their later conquests and colonization in the Americas. Numerous interpreters, among them many women, enabled communication between Europeans, indigenous islanders, and groups on the North African coast. The paper describes the linguistic context of their work and how it related to the successive stages of conquest and acculturation. Attempts are made to identify the interpreters, to explain how they learned their languages, to analyze the situations in which they participated and to assess the philosophical precepts that may initially have guided their training. These factors are used to group the interpreters into various categories.

La città dei re di Cirene

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Parisi Presicce
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
North African ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
African Coast

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that, beginning from the Late Bronze age, links between the Aegean world and the North African coast remained unbroken except perhaps for a brief interlude immediately after the foundation of the Phoenician colonies in the area between the Gulf of Syrte and what is now Tunisia. The example of Cyrene, which has not received the attention it merits outside the narrow circle of Libyan experts, is one of the most clear-cut and eloquent. Even though the paucity of finds and their provenance from infill call for caution, reanalysis of the archaeological record—which has recently gained an important new component—sheds fresh light on the Phoenician colonial process as a whole. The reanalysis, whatever one's point of view, should not be restricted by conventional chronology, and should encourage us to reconsider other accepted ideas about the growth of the original settlement and the links between the Battiad royal family and other members of the Cyrenaican community.

scholarly journals Updated global distribution of the threatened marine limpet Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda: Patellidae): an example of biodiversity loss in the Mediterranean

Oryx ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Free Espinosa ◽  
Georgina A. Rivera-Ingraham ◽  
Manuel Maestre ◽  
Alexandre R. González ◽  
Hocein Bazairi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
African Coast ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Status ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Patella Ferruginea ◽  
Management And Conservation

AbstractPatella ferruginea is the most threatened macroinvertebrate in the western Mediterranean, where it is at serious risk of extinction. There is little information on the status of the various populations and most data were published more than 25 years ago. This study provides updated information on the global status of this species, and implications for management and conservation, and tests the hypothesis that population structure can be influenced by collection by people and by the type of substrate. Fifty-five localities were surveyed in Corsica, Sardinia, Tuscany and Sicily, on the islands of Egadi and Pantelleria, and on the Zembra archipelago and Tunisian coasts. The species is extinct on mainland Italy and Sicily but isolated individuals can be found on Egadi and Pantelleria. Populations on Corsica and Sardinia have declined dramatically during the last 25 years. The population in the Zembra archipelago is well preserved, although more widely on Tunisian coasts the species is highly threatened. The information provided here, combined with information from the literature, indicates a strong decline and/or extinction of many populations throughout the western Mediterranean and the presence of healthy populations only in some locations along the north African coast. The species exhibits an increase in density and mean size in areas free of human pressure but the type of substrate (natural or artificial) has no strong influence.

scholarly journals The Benzú rockshelter: a Middle Palaeolithic site on the North African coast

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 2210-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
J RAMOS ◽  
D BERNAL ◽  
S DOMINGUEZBELLA ◽  
D CALADO ◽  
B RUIZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Palaeolithic ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
African Coast

African Motifs in Greek Vase Painting

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Jiří Honzl
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Relevant Context ◽  
The Individual ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Literary Reception

In the beginning the paper concisely summarises contacts of Greeks with Egypt, focusing on their interests on the North African coast, up until the Classical Period. The brief description of Greek literary reception of Egypt during the same timeframe is following. The main part of the paper is dedicated to various African (and supposedly African) motifs depicted in Greek vase painting. These are commented upon and put in the relevant context. In the end the individual findings are summarised and confronted with the literary image described above.

scholarly journals Bilingualism and language attitude in Melilla (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Montero Alonso ◽  
Lotfi Sayahi
Keyword(s):  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
African Origin ◽  
North African ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
The City ◽  
North African Origin

This study examines levels of bilingualism and language attitude in the autonomous Spanish city of Melilla. Located on the North African coast, Melilla has a population of 86,000 inhabitants that is roughly divided between residents of Iberian origin and residents of North African Origin. Based on responses to a language questionnaire (111 participants) and sociolinguistic interviews (20 participants), our results show high levels of bilingualism between Spanish and Tamazight among the sector of the population that is of North African origin, while  the population of Iberian origin remains monolingual in Spanish. We also show that Spanish is the dominant language in the public domain, including administration and education, while Tamazight is maintained as a family and community language. Overall, the participants in our study express positive attitude towards the Melillan variety of Spanish and Tamazight, and their co-existence as part of the multicultural nature of the city. 

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