PENGUKURAN KETULENAN EMAS MENGGUNAKAN KAEDAH UJIAN TANPA MUSNAH: SUATU ULASAN PERBANDINGAN

AbstrakPenentuan ketulenan jongkong emas dengan kaedah ujian tanpa musnah adalah perkara yang paling mencabar dalam industri emas terutama jika jongkong emas dipalsukan dengan cara meletakkan tungsten di dalamnya. Instrumen yang sedia ada mempunyai keterbatasan untuk menentukan ketulenan jongkong emas dan sukar untuk mengesan tungsten di dalamnya kerana tungsten mempunyai ketumpatan yang hampir sama dengan emas. Kajian ini mengemukakan keterbatasan instrumen kaedah ujian tanpa musnah seperti densimeter, alat timbangan, sinar-x pendarfluor dan ultrasonik. Dalam kajian ini menemui kesukaran untuk mengenal pasti emas palsu menggunakan instrumen kaedah ujian tanpa musnah seperti ultrasonik dan x-ray fluorescence (XRF) kerana instrumen ini mempunyai batasan. Setakat ini tiada lagi kajian yang berkaitan pemalsuan jongkong emas kerana harganya yang mahal untuk dijadikan sebagai sampel kajian. Masalah jongkong emas palsu dapat diselesaikan jika ketepatan instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur ketumpatan dapat ditingkatkan lagi sehingga 0.01 g/ml. Ini kerana perbezaan antara ketumpatan emas dan tungsten adalah 0.05 g/ml. Pemalsuan emas dengan mencampurkan tungsten akan dapat dikesan jika ada instrumen yang mempunyai ketepatan sekurang-kurangnya 0.01 g/ml. Manakala instrumen lain seperti XRF digunakan untuk mengesahkan ketulenan emas di bahagian permukaan sahaja. Oleh itu, bagi pengujian yang lebih menyeluruh masalah jongkong emas palsu ini perlu diselesaikan dengan menggabungkan kedua-dua kaedah ini. Abstract Determination of the gold bar purity by non-destructive method remains one of the most challenging in gold industry especially when the tungsten is inside the gold bar. The existing instruments have limitations in their accuracy to determine the purity of gold when tungsten also inside the gold bar since both tungsten and gold have almost similar densities. This study presents the limitations of the non-destructive test method instruments such as densimeter, weighing balance, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and ultrasonic in determining the purity of gold. In this study found the difficulty in identifying counterfeit gold using non-destructive test method instruments such as ultrasonic and XRF due to some limitations. So far, there are no studies related to the counterfeiting of gold bars due to its expensive price to be used as a study sample. The problem of counterfeit gold bars can be solved if the accuracy of the instrument used to measure the density can be further increased up to 0.01 g/ml. This is because the difference between the density of gold and tungsten is 0.05 g/ml. Gold counterfeiting by mixing tungsten will be detectable if there is an instrument that has an accuracy of at least 0.01 g/ml. While other instruments such as XRF will be used to verify the purity of gold on the surface only. Therefore, for more thorough testing the problem of fake gold ingots needs to be solved by combining these two methods.

ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR ROLE IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN GOLD INDUSTRY OF SAUDI ARABIA

This paper mainly aims at investigating the mediating effect of organizational citizenship behaviour in the relationship between transformational leadership behaviour and organizational performance as well as the mediating effect of organizational citizenship behaviour in the relationship between psychological ownership, working environment, employee involvement, incentives, and employee motivation, and organizational performance. To achieve the objectives of the study, quantitative research approach was applied through a questionnaire specifically designed to collect primary information from the samples of the study, which consisted of (250) managers in gold shops in Jaddah. The collected data was analysed using SPSS 20.0 and Smart-PLS 3. The results showed that organization citizenship behaviour mediates the relationship between transformational leadership behaviour, psychological ownership and incentives, and organizational performance in the Saudi Arabian gold industry. Also, organization citizenship behaviour has no mediating effect on the relationship between working environment, employee involvement, employee motivation, and organizational performance in the Saudi Arabian gold industry. At the end of this study, the researcher recommended the need to encouraging the practice of organizational citizenship behaviours by developing a set of special regulations and instructions, and consider organizational citizenship behaviours as one of the important criteria in the annual performance appraisal models for employees, in addition to that, the quantitative method was adopted in this research to test research hypotheses, thus, future studies can rely on other methods qualitative or case study to verify the results of this research.

Research on Development Strategy of Industrial Transformation and Upgrading Demonstration Base in Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area-- A Case Study of Xintai Group “Gold Town”

A “Gold town” is a characteristic town featuring gold industry and being operated by leading enterprises. Xintai Group in gold and jewelry industry has launched a “Gold Town” project in Houjie, Dongguan, Guangdong by taking advantage of its own capital and technology, seizing the opportunity of gold and jewelry industry transformation and gathering the strength of traditional gold and jewelry industry in Houjie. “Gold Town” is a key project supported by the local government in response to the national call. When setting up this project, Xintai Group introduced the characteristic development concept of European towns and optimized its own industrial structure, and meanwhile it aimed to build an industrial ecological base of gold and jewelry town and aggregate industrial development resources. This project has been partially completed and the first phase has been transferred to the production and operation stage. Therefore, it is of great significance for both Xintai Group and the local government to explore the appropriate development strategy of the “Gold Town” project.

PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIBERIAN REGION IN THE ARTICLES OF D. A. KLEMENETS IN THE NEWSPAPER «EASTERN REVIEW»

The article discusses the activities of D. A. Klements - a representative of the revolutionary populism of the 1870s. - as a publicist during his stay in Siberian exile. In the early 1890s he collaborated with the newspaper «Eastern Review», published in Irkutsk. As the head of the East Siberian Division of the Russian Geographical Society, Dmitry Alexandrovich led the scientific department of the newspaper. His articles, feuilletons, book reviews are devoted to the most diverse problems of Siberian life. These are peasant, resettlement issues, the development of mining and gold industry, situation of workers in Siberia, problems of education, health care, the foreign issue, the situation on the Russian-Chinese border, judicial reform in Siberia. While on expeditions, Klements sent travel notes and essays containing information on nature, customs, economy, and culture of the countries bordering Siberia to the «Eastern Review». All the problems he raised were urgent, topical. The articles by D. A. Klemenets reflected his views in the framework of the ideology of revolutionary populism and to some extent contributed to the enlightenment of the education of the Siberian region.

Seasons of Gold

This chapter builds from the previous two chapters and concludes the section on Gold. It uses linguistic and visual analysis to show how Taíno and Afro-Taíno understandings of the relationship between plants, metals influenced the legal codes and daily operations of gold processing in La Española. By juxtaposing colonial petitions, imperial ordinances, and Taíno oral traditions, this chapter argues for a new reading of the Afro-Taíno influences in the colonial gold industry – the very sector that epitomized the extractive nature of the early modern Spanish empire.

Gathering Indigenous Knowledges

By tracing moments when new terms were coined and when they began to appear in sixteenth-century books from the Caribbean, this chapter combines linguistic data and historical sources to show how Indigenous ideas of mining and metals influenced the grammar of the colonial Spanish gold industry. This approach situates Taíno metallic cosmologies within a web of human, plant, and mineral relationships. As shown by the sources analyzed in the chapter—all written, published, and circulated between 1492 and the 1530s—such relationships were both material and symbolic, mapping on to mining geographies, practices, and forms of speech.

Visual Languages of Space and Place

Whereas scholars once spoke of the nearly immediate and almost-complete collapse of Taíno communities in La Española, new archaeological research focusing on gender, class, and household unit analysis shows deep histories of continuity. This chapter reads the visual and spatial languages of archival reports, maps, and plans to show how Taíno and Afro-Taíno beliefs and technologies shaped the gold industry in the early colonial Caribbean. The published versions of these sources often erased evidence of Afro-Taíno contributions, suggesting how early modern print culture manufactured an image of colonial mining in which Europe contributed knowledge and Black and Brown miners contributed labor outside of a broader cosmological or social context.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOLD MINING INDUSTRY OF UZBEKISTAN AT THE MODERN STAGE

The Article considered propects of the development of gold industry of Uzbekistan,which has received over the past two years a powerful push for further development. Analized the experience and achievements in the extraction of gold and other rare earth metals in Uzbekistan.