Diversification Strategies among Rural Farm Family Households in Different Agro-climatic Zones of J&K Union Territory, India

Aims: The diversification of a portfolio is an alternative strategy for households to minimize their income variability and to ensure a minimum level of income. Study Design: Multi-stage sampling, binary logistic regression and logit regression design were used for the study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Jammu & Kashmir State (Union Territory) in the year of 2016-17 with a total sample size of 630 farming families drawn from the four agro-ecological zones. Methodology: From each selected villages, 15 farming families were drawn randomly without replacement and out of 15 farm families only 10 families were retained for analysis. Results: An average gross income from on-farm enterprise was Rs. 77,623 per annum and from off-farm activities the average income was Rs. 1,17,643 per annum. Education, size of family members and fragmented land holdings were the push factors which motivated the farming family households to diversify towards other activities. Conclusion: The study further suggested that there is a need to develop education and skill development training among the farm family households, as it will surely provide a positive impact on the ability to diversify their other livelihood options.

Gender and business owner satisfaction

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the factors associated with role satisfaction in farm and non-farm family businesses differ by gender of the business owner. Design/methodology/approach The data used are from a 30-minute telephone survey of owners of farm and non-farm family businesses in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio. The sample consists of 627 small- and medium-size family businesses. Three ordered probit regressions are used to analyze role satisfaction. Findings Women’s participation in management and the number of family members in management are positively associated with women’s role satisfaction, while tension from resource competition is negatively associated with role satisfaction. In contrast, men’s role satisfaction is increased through high family business functioning and profit. Practical implications There is no difference in the level of role satisfaction between men and women when one controls for the owner, family and business characteristics. However, there is a difference in the factors that drive role satisfaction between men and women. This may be driven, in part, by what their roles are vis-à-vis the financial aspects of the business. Male and female business owners seem to focus on different aspects of their family business to achieve role satisfaction. Originality/value This paper determines the impact of gender on the role satisfaction of business owners of farm and non-farm family businesses in four Midwestern states. It identifies the different factors associated with role satisfaction for female and male family business owners based on their actual roles.

WUJUD RASA SYUKUR SEBAGAI KELUARGA PETANI DALAM VISUAL KARYA SENI GRAFIS

Pembelajaran dari kehidupan sebagai keluarga petani menginspirasi kehidupan diri untuk bersikap sabar, kerja keras, sederhana, saling berbagi dan tolong-menolong dalam kehidupan sehari-hari serta berperan dalam pendewasaan diri. Tujuan penciptaan karya seni grafis ini adalah menciptakan karya seni grafis yang mengambil sumber inspirasi wujud rasa syukur sebagai keluarga petani, yang juga menjelaskan konsep dan proses penciptaannya serta estetika visual karya seni grafis yang diciptakan. Wujud rasa syukur sebagai keluarga petani dituangkan dalam visual karya seni grafis dengan teknik cetak tinggi menggunakan media hardboardcut pada kertas. Penciptaan karya seni grafis ini memberikan wawasan yang lebih dari pengalaman empiris dalam penciptaan karya seni grafis serta pendalaman terhadap konsep wujud rasa syukur sebagai keluarga petani. The lesson from life as farm family inspire personal life to patient, work hard, simple, sharing and help each other in daily life and also contribute to self-maturing. Purpose of create this printmaking artwork is creating printmaking artwork which take form thankfulness as farm family and also explain about concept, process creating and visual aesthetic result from printmaking artwork. Form of thankfulness as farm family is visualized in printmaking artwork with relief print technic use hardboardcut on paper. These creating printmaking artworks give more insight from empirical experience in creating printmaking artwork and also deepen about concept form thankfulness as farm family.