The Economy of the Transylvanian Roman Catholic Status Between the World Wars

The purpose of the study. To examine how the 20th century’s political changes affected the Roman Catholic Church structurally, and it’s specific institution, the Roman Catholic Status by the agrarian reforms which were part of the modernization process and nation-building in Greater Romania; and more importantly in Transylvania, the area of the four Roman Catholic dioceses of Nagyárad, Gyulafehérvár, Temesvár and Szatmár, and what alternatives were created for economical surviving. Applied methods. Literature review including the history of World War I and the consequences of the upcoming treaties of Versailles. We involved sources from church literature, agrarian estates records and data from researches of the Status archives from Transylvania. The research framework is the history of the Roman Catholic Status. We introduced four ecclesiastical counties whose economically changes influenced the administration of several institutions and funds belonging to the Status. We made a structural analysis examining the new economic system of the Roman Catholic Status situated in the middle of the modernization development of Greater Romania. Outcomes. Due to the annexation of Transylvania to Romania, the Roman Catholic Church went from a privileged position to a marginal position, since the majority of the Romanian population was Orthodox Christian. Many problems of the process of modernization and nationbuilding in Greater Romania were felt by all sections of the population, but it was the ethnic minorities and their institutions - especially the churches - which were to be integrated into the new nation-state that were most affected. The four Roman Catholic dioceses Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Nagyvárad (Oradea), Temesvár (Timișoara) and Szatmár (Satu Mare)) expropriated 277,513 acres of a total of 290,570 acres of land, which represented 98% of the land holdings. The agrarian reform of 1919-1920 brought major changes in the management of the Status funds and the estates belonging to them.

Distributional Issues in Natural Capital Accounting: An Application to Land Ownership and Ecosystem Services in Scotland

Accounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how natural capital is distributed. That is, who consumes ecosystem services and who owns or manages the underlying asset(s) that give rise to ecosystem services. In this paper, we examine the significance of the ownership of land on which ecosystem assets (or ecosystem types) is located in the context of natural capital accounting. We illustrate this in an empirical application to two ecosystem services and a range of ecosystem types and land ownership in Scotland, a context in which land reform debates are longstanding. Our results indicate the relative importance of private land in ecosystem service supply, rather than land held by the public sector. We find relative concentration of ownership for land providing comparatively high amounts of carbon sequestration. For air pollution removal, however, the role of smaller to medium sized, mostly privately owned, land holdings closer to urban settlements becomes more prominent. The contributions in this paper, we argue, represent important first steps in anticipating distributional impacts of natural capital (and related) policy in natural capital accounts as well as connecting these frameworks to broader concerns about wealth disparities across and within countries.

The region and its resources

This chapter describes the landscapes of production found around London. Salterns and stone quarries in the Thames estuary, managed woodlands upriver of the city, and the ironworking sites of the High Weald are considered, along with the evidence for livestock and arable farming. These extraction industries responded to the creation of the Roman city, and saw considerable intensification from the Flavian period into the second century. This drew on the development of a supporting infrastructure that benefitted from military engineering and management, and is argued to have responded to elevated procuratorial demand. Some surplus may have been raised by taxes and rents in kind, and parallels are drawn with sharecropping arrangements for tenant farming documented in North Africa. The potential importance of imperial and other estates is also reviewed. Whilst direct evidence is lacking it is argued that imperial land-holdings would have been extensive in conquered territories, and this may account for some of the particularities of the economic relationship between London and its hinterland.

Farm forests, biomass poverty and chronic seasonal hunger.

Seasonal hunger persists as the most common food insecurity experience for millions of small dryland farmers. This study tests the inter-relationships among food insecurity, farm forests and biomass poverty using a longitudinal data set from the Amahara region of Ethiopia. These data form part of the Ethiopia Socio-economic Survey data that collected panel data over three survey rounds from 640 households. The unique population representative data set includes for the first time includes socio-economic, wellbeing micro-landuse measures including farm forests. Hierarchical mixed effect regression models assessed the relationship between biomass poverty and food insecurity as well as the conditional effects of biomass poverty among the poorest farmers and women headed households. During the three waves over a six-year study period, farmers reported increased stress from smaller land holdings, higher prices and climate related shocks. During the same period, a clear trend towards spontaneous dispersed afforestation is observed both by researchers and space-based satellite remote sensing. Dedicating approximately 10% of farm area to forest reduces Months of Food Insecurity by half. Greatest reductions in food insecurity from farm forests are reported by female headed, ultra-poor, and crop residue-burning households. Biomass poverty may therefore be a primary constraint to resilient food security on these farms. This investigation provides novel representative quantitative evidence of induced intensification with important implications of for nature-based solutions for healthy and resilient people and planet.

A Study of Various Constraints in Lentil Production and Marketing in District Lakhimpur (Kheri) of Uttar Pradesh

Background: Lentil pulse crop on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Lakhimpur (Kheri), Uttar Pradesh is a cause of great concern. Keeping in view the importance of lentils, the study was carried out to examine the various constraints faced by the different groups of farmers. Aims: To study the various Constraints in lentil production and marketing. Place and Duration of Study: Lakhimpur (kheri) district of Uttar Pradesh, between year 2020 and 2021. Methodology: A total of 100 respondents were selected randomly from the Mitauli block of Lakhimpur (kheri) district, Uttar Pradesh and a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the farmers. Respondents were classified into three ccategories based on their size of land holdings. Results: It is revealed by the Garrett scores that the major production constraint faced by most of the farmers was unfavorable weather condition (score of 66.39) and major marketing constraint faced was small quantity of marketable surplus (score of 61.98). Conclusion: From the findings of the study, it has been stated that there was a high level of constraints associated with production and marketing of lentils. Highly responded constraints for production were unfavorable weather condition(rank I), non-availability of quality water for irrigation(rank II),inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices (rank III).Similarly small quantity of marketable surplus(rank I),availability of reliable market information system (rank II) and price fluctuation(rank III)were the major constraints in case of marketing of lentils. Due to having these constraints, farmers faced a lot of troubles which hampered agricultural activities, increased quantum of credit assistance and led to selling of agricultural crops at low prices.

Understanding NWFPs Utilization, Marketing and Transportation in AJK, Pakistan

The study assessed the utilization, marketing and transportation of Non WoodForest Products (NWFPs) in Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK)with the view to improving ivelihoods of local inhabitants. Data collection were made in AJK districts of Neelam and Bagh. The respondents that were sampled for the study comprise of local ihabitants involved in collection of NWFPs. A total of 200 respondents were interviwed using simple random sampling technique. The results revelaed most of the farmers were literate having very small land holdings with farming as their prime profession. The main reason for NWFPs collection and selling is to buy food and cater for health needs of the family. Most of the NWFPs are sold directly to local traders at spot and fellow collector/trader remained most worthy source of information in NWFP collection and selling. Regarding mode of transportation manual transportation (on foot) is being used due to low quantityof NWFP collection at most of the times. There is now the need of time that the people of this area involved with NTFPs should be trained. Trainings on collection, processing and packaging of NTFPs must be carried out. Therefore the local communities would be able to add value to their products and are able to fetch high premiums to support their livelihoods.

Land Governance in Fifth Schedule Areas: A Critical Analysis of Chhattisgarh State

The governance of land is central to the political economy of development. In India, The schedule areas are demarcated primarily for the development of adivasis who are officially classified as Scheduled Tribes (STs)/and protection of culture through special legal and administrative provisions in the form of fifth and sixth schedule. The article aims to understand and analyse the land governance in the areas of Fifth Schedule with specific reference to the Chhattisgarh State. It explores the role of Governor in preventing the land alienation. The main data sources include the agriculture census, diversion of forest land for the development projects including the mining along with cases of PESA and FRA using a process tracing methodology. The gradual decline in the size of average land holdings indicates the failure of land governance. There is a need to clear the legal ambiguity between the provisions of Fifth Schedule with particular reference to the role of Governor to establish peace and good governance.

Mechanisms for capacity building of border regions through cross-border cooperation

In this study we address the problem of finding mechanisms for capacity building of border areas. We have identified the obstacles to their development: prohibitions on economic activities in border areas, relatively large military forest and land holdings, and potential economic pressure from neighbouring states on businesses and population. The main preferences for their development: interests of neighbouring states in resources and markets formation of transport corridors; intermunicipal, socio-cultural and ethno-religious cooperation. We considered the processes of administrative reassignment of regions between federal districts as a mechanism of problem-based management for regional spatial development by grouping the regions with similar problems. We also discussed the examples of such mechanisms (and their limitations) to increase the economic and social attractiveness of border areas -including territories of priority development and preferential mortgages. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the use of an integrated approach to capacity building of border areas through consistent administrative, organizational economic and social mechanisms. This approach can be applied to the design of strategic planning programmes for the spatial and socio-economic development of border areas, including through cross-border cooperation.

​An Economic Analysis of Chilli Production in Tripura, India

Background: Chillies are one of the most widely used spices and a commercial crop. It is the most widely used universal spice and is named as the wonder spice. Tripura is one of the largest producers of a commercial crop of chilli in the entire north eastern state. Commercial cultivation of chilli is very profitable and can expect high revenue because of high market value or market demand in local markets. Under this backdrop, the paper attempts to study the economics of chilli production in Tripura, India. Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 150 chilli growers in Dhalai district, West Tripura and the Sipahijala district of Tripura during 2019-20 as it is the highest chilli growing area. A personal interview method was used to collect the data and suitable statistical tools were used for analyzing the data. The cost of cultivation for chilli was calculated by using the CACP (Commission on Agriculture Cost and Prices) approach. Result: The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were under the age of 54 years, belonged to the schedule tribe category i.e., 48.66 per cent (24.33) followed by the general category i.e., 34.66 (17.33) and the schedule caste category i.e., 16.66 per cent (8.33). All the respondents were from farming families, mainly belonging to marginal and small land holdings. It has been observed that the maximum cost was incurred on total family labour, i.e., Rs. 41230.11, Rs. 56769.23 and Rs. 51972.17 respectively in West Tripura, Unakoti and South Tripura, whereas in the case of total hired labour cost, no was involved by the growers of South Tripura district. The total production of chilli was 2894.45 kg/ha and the overall return over cost C was determined at Rs. 104572.94 per ha. In the different districts, the return per rupee over cost C ranged from 1.99 to 2.44.

Role of AI in Agriculture: Applications, Limitations and Challenges: A Review

Increase in the world’s population as well as decrease in the availability of agricultural labour are demanding a smarter way to fulfill the global supply chain. Defining human intelligence in such a way that a machine can easily mimic it and can execute tasks which are simplest and those that are even more complex is known as artificial intelligence (AI). Recent advances in electronics offer vast opportunities for research, development and innovation in agriculture. India is facing scarcity in labour due to people moving into urban areas as daily wage workers and also due to agriculture being unproductive now a days. As a result there is always a scope to introduce new technologies like robotic platforms, plant health detection sensors, robotic harvesters, unmanned aerial vehicles, soil nutrient mapping using MATLAB etc., which can change the phase of agriculture. Present study was undertaken to summarize all the available technologies in agriculture from sowing to post harvesting. Although there are many applications, implementing an AI based technology on Indian fields is a difficult task because of the limited land holdings and different soil types. Repair and maintenance of these systems require a technical authority who should be available now and then for quick assistance.