The comparisons of inhibitory control and post-error behaviors between different types of athletes and physically inactive adults

To properly behave and correct mistakes, individuals must inhibit inappropriate actions and detect errors for future behavioral adjustment. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that athletes are superior in cognitive functions and this benefit varied dependent on the types of sport that individuals involved in, but less is known on whether athletes have a different error-related behavioral pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral performance of inhibition and error monitoring between individuals who participated in an open-skill sport (n = 12), a closed-skill sport (n = 12), and a sedentary lifestyle (n = 16). A combined flanker/stop signal task was presented and the derived stop signal reaction time (SSRT), post-correct accuracy and reaction time (RT), as well as post-error accuracy and RT were compared across groups. Our findings indicated there was no difference in SSRT between groups. Surprisingly, significant post-error slowing (PES) was observed only in controls but not in sport groups, the controls also exhibited significantly longer post-error RT compared with the open-skill group. However, there was no difference in the post-error accuracy between groups, indicating a higher efficiency in the post-error processing among open- and closed-skill groups by requiring comparatively less time for behavioral adjustments. The present study is the first to disclose the discrepancies in PES between different types of athletes and controls. The findings suggest that sport training along with higher amounts of physical activity is associated with a more efficient behavioral pattern for error processing especially when the sport requires open skills in nature.

The Development of Agritourism Village Area (case study at Kemuning Lor Village Arjasa Subdistrict Jember Regency)

One of the famous tourist attractions in Jember and became the icon of the agritourism village since 2009 in Jember Regency is Kemuning Lor Village, Arjasa subdistrict, Jember regency. This case makes the background of the research entitled the development of Agrowisata Village in Kemuning Lor Village, Arjasa District, Jember Regency. The objectives of this research are: 1) to know the economic empowerment of the community in the village of agritourism; 2) to identify the impact of tourism village development on community income; 3) to identify regional cooperation in the management of agritourism areas; and 4) to analyze the appropriate policy to the development of agritourism areas. This research uses descriptive research type. Research results are (1) the empowerment that already exists in the village of agritourism for example economic learning through the formation of skill groups with training models, economic learning through the formation of art groups, empowerment models through agent of change ,; (2) The impact of tourism village development on community income does not affect the income of the community. The increase of community income that occurred at the time of the study was due to the outside income of the farm, not the existence of an agritourism village. (3) Local government cooperation in managing the agritourism area included aspects: 1) Human Resource; 2) capital; 3) production; 4) distribution; 5) marketing; 6) competitiveness; and (7) Analysis of development policy of agritourism village in Kemuning Lor in, Arjasa sub-district, Jember regency as follows: tourism development policies especially agritourism villages already exist but have not run optimally in accordance with the vision and mission of the Tourism Office.

Heterogeneous Workers and Federal Income Taxes in a Spatial Equilibrium

We study the geographic incidence and efficiency of an income tax by estimating a spatial equilibrium model with heterogeneous workers. The US income tax shifts households out of high-productivity cities, leading to locational inefficiency of 0.25 percent of output. Removing spatial tax distortions increases inequality because more educated households are more mobile and own larger shares of land. Flattening the tax schedule, or introducing cost-of-living adjustments or local wage adjustments leads to efficiency gains but causes substantial increases in inequality. Differences in mobility and land ownership across skill groups create an equity-efficiency trade-off that is unique to spatial settings. (JEL H24, H22, D31, J31, J24, R23)

For most of its history, biospeleology has been a poor cousin of the other speleological disciplines

Our series of interviews with leading karstologists now turns to cave biologist. David Culver, an emeritus professor of environmental science at the American University (Washington DC, USA), talks about his relationship to karst and what subterranean biology has given to the geoscientific disciplines and what it has taken from them. His science approach is well reflected in the statement: “In the last few decades, I have done valuable little completely independent research, and collaboration with people with different skill groups has been critical”.

Human Capital as Engine of Growth: The Role of Knowledge Transfers in Promoting Balanced Growth within and across Countries

Unlike physical capital, human capital has both embodied and disembodied dimensions. It can be perceived not only as skill and acquired knowledge but also as knowledge spillover effects between overlapping generations and across different skill groups within and across countries. We illustrate the roles these characteristics play in the process of economic development, the relation between income growth and income and fertility distributions, and the relevance of human capital in determining the skill distribution of immigrants in a balanced-growth global equilibrium setting. In all three illustrations, knowledge spillover effects play a key role. The analysis offers new insights for understanding the decline in fertility below the population replacement rate in many developed countries, the evolution of income and fertility distributions across developing and developed countries, and the often asymmetric effects that endogenous immigration flows and their skill composition exert on the long-term net benefits from immigration to natives in source and destination countries.

On the Provision of Unemployment Insurance when Workers are Ex-Ante Heterogeneous

Labor market outcomes demonstrate considerable variation between and within skill groups. We construct a general equilibrium model with incomplete markets and exogenous differences that matches these facts. We study the role of exogenous heterogeneity in choosing the optimal replacement rate and the maximum benefit for an unemployment insurance (UI) system. The optimal average replacement rate is 27%, compared to 0% in a model without exogenous heterogeneity. The relatively generous choice is due to the redistributive role of UI, which is a manifestation of two elements. First, workers who are unemployed more often receive positive net transfers from the UI system because they draw resources more frequently. Second, the existence of a cap on benefits makes UI progressive. Our main result holds in the presence of a generous progressive taxation system.

Twenty Years of Wage Inequality in Latin America

This article documents an inverse U-shape in the evolution of wage inequality in Latin America since 1995, with a sharp reduction starting in 2002. The Gini coefficient of wages increased from 42 to 44 between 1995 and 2002 and declined to 39 by 2015. Between 2002 and 2015, the 90/10 log hourly earnings ratio decreased by 26 percent. The decline since 2002 was characterized by rising wages across the board, but especially at the bottom of the wage distribution in each country. Triggered by a rapid expansion of educational attainment, the wages of college and high school graduates fell relative to the wages of workers with only primary education. The premium for labor market experience also fell significantly. However, the compression of wages was not entirely driven by changes in the wage structure across skill groups. Two-thirds of the decline in the variance of wages took place within skill groups. Changes in the sectoral, occupational, and formal/informal composition of jobs matter for the process of reduction in inequality, but they do not fully account for the fall in within-skill variance. Evidence based on longitudinal matched employer-employee administrative data suggests that an important driver was falling wage dispersion across firms.