Effect of Feed-In Tariff with Deregulation on Directed Technical Change in the Energy Sector

In this study, we examine how a feed-in tariff (FIT) accompanied with deregulation in the energy sector affects the direction of technical change along the balanced growth path. A final good is composed of resource-saving (such as renewable) energy and traditional resource-intensive energy. The government introduces a FIT scheme for promoting resource-saving energy, while it deregulates the traditional energy sector for efficiency improvement. The implementation of the scheme positively affects directed technical change toward the resource-saving energy technology and economic growth. Meanwhile, the biased technical change leads to an upsurge in the surcharge. Associated deregulation not only accelerates the biased technical change but also drives the surge in the surcharge rate, unless the initial market structure of the traditional energy sector is highly concentrated.

Application of 3D Balanced Growth Theory to the Formation of Bulk Amorphous Alloys

Since the emergence of amorphous alloys as a new class of materials, efficiency improvements have been made in optimizing the fabrication process, the mechanization of alloy formation, and the size of the alloys themselves. Amorphous alloys have been used in precision instruments as they possess excellent magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high strength, hardness, toughness, high electrical resistivity, and electromechanical coupling properties. Because their hysteresis losses are lower than those of traditional transformer cores, the conversion efficiency of equipment has been significantly improved, thereby saving energy and protecting the environment. Hence, amorphous iron cores have replaced traditional materials. Amorphous alloys also show excellent performance as anti-corrosion and wear-resistant coatings. The process of preparing amorphous alloys starts with an amorphous alloy film obtained by evaporation deposition and then proceeds to the use of a high cooling rate ribbon spinning method to finally obtain a thin strip of an amorphous alloy. A widely used method of copper mold suction casting is then used to prepare the bulk amorphous alloy. The sizes of amorphous alloys have been continually increasing, which has resulted in increasingly serious challenges, such as cooling rate and thermal stability limitations. In addition, crystals can form at low cooling rates. The latent heat of crystallization is released when crystals are formed, which causes damage to the amorphous area so that the size of amorphous alloys is reduced. Because of these difficulties, new processes that eliminate the cooling rate gradient, such as 3D additive manufacturing, ultrasonic production, and mold design, combined with the concept of “entropy control” component design and the economic theory of “balanced development,” lead to a three-dimensional bulk amorphous alloy being proposed. The theory of balanced growth provides a new concept for the development and application of bulk amorphous alloys. This review offers a retrospective view of recent studies of amorphous alloys and provides a description of the formation of amorphous alloys and amorphous phases and the criteria required to predict the successful formation of amorphous alloys. Then, we address the problem of size limitation confronting current production methods. The three-dimensional balanced growth theory of bulk amorphous alloys was formulated from a flexible adaptation of the balanced growth theory of economics. We have confidence that the production and development of bulk amorphous alloys have a bright future.

Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and the Birth of Development Economics

This article, based on previously untapped archival sources, offers an assessment of the life and thought of Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, a pioneer of development economics and one of the first articulators of both the “Big Push” and “balanced growth” theories. In addition to documenting the early life of Rosenstein-Rodan, this article discusses two critical junctures in the history of development economics, namely, the birth of the discipline in the late 1940s, and its decline approximately a quarter century later. Rosenstein-Rodan was a fundamental player in both instances. Through the lens of his experience it is possible to understand the eclectic beginnings of development economics and locate some of its most important roots in the intellectual milieu of interwar Europe, from Vienna to London via Eastern and Southern Europe. What is more, Rosenstein-Rodan’s subsequent career epitomizes the arc of development economics, casting new light on the debates and practices that shaped the discipline during its rise, and on the unresolved issues that help explain its decline.

The Dual Education System as a Key Element for Future Railway Experts at the Beginning of the 21st Century

The article deals with the dual education system as a key element for railway experts training at the beginning of the 21-stcentury. The author points out that the dual education system is of key importance for railway experts training as it provides balanced growth and in-depth knowledge of the major, develops the hard and soft skill of future specialists. It is stated that a similar system of education existed in Ukraine in the second half of the 21-stcentury. This system was rather successful and guaranteed new professional employees for the railway industry. The author demonstrates some information on the number of hours that were given for dual education in the past. The paper also draws out attention to the current situation in Ukraine, shows the main trends and the progress of the dual system of education nowadays. The author concludes that the most effective way of teaching future railway experts is to teach them in the enterprise giving more than 50% of total credits for practical,not theoretical courses. Thus, it is important to use historical experience and to implement it in the present education system.

Balanced Growth project: a protocol of a single-centre observational study on the involvement of the vestibular system in a child’s motor and cognitive development

IntroductionThe involvement of the vestibular system in the motor and higher (cognitive) performances of typically developing or vestibular-impaired children is currently unknown or has only scarcely been explored. Interestingly, arguments for an interaction between vestibular, motor and cognitive functions in children can also be supported by research on children known for their difficulties in motor and/or cognitive processing (eg, children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD)), as they often present with vestibular-like characteristics. Therefore, in order to elucidate this interaction, and to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology and symptomatology of vestibular disorders and NDD in children, the Balanced Growth project was developed. It includes the following objectives: (1) to understand the association between motor skills, cognitive performances and the vestibular function in typically developing school-aged children, with special focus on the added value of the vestibular system in higher cognitive skills and motor competence; (2) to investigate whether a vestibular dysfunction (with/without an additional auditory disease) has an impact on motor skills, cognitive performances and motor–cognitive interactions in children and (3) to assess if an underlying vestibular dysfunction can be identified in school-aged children with NDD, with documentation of the occurrence and characteristics of vestibular dysfunctions in this group of children using an extensive vestibular test battery.Methods and analysisIn order to achieve the objectives of the observational cross-sectional Balanced Growth study, a single-task and dual-task test protocol was created, which will be performed in three groups of school-aged children (6–12 years old): (1) a typically developing group (n=140), (2) (audio) vestibular-impaired children (n=30) and (3) children with an NDD diagnosis (n=55) (ie, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or developmental coordination disorder). The test protocol consists of several custom-made tests and already existing validated test batteries and includes a vestibular assessment, an extensive motor assessment, eight neurocognitive tests, a cognitive–motor interaction assessment and includes also additional screenings to control for potential confounding factors (eg, hearing status, intelligence, physical activity, etc).Ethics and disseminationThe current study was approved by the ethics committee of Ghent University Hospital on 4 June 2019 with registration number B670201940165 and is registered at Clinical Trials (clinicaltrials.gov) with identifier NCT04685746. All research findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at vestibular as well as multidisciplinary international conferences and meetings.Trial registration numberNCT04685746.

Endogenous Education and Long-Run Factor Shares

We study the determinants of factor shares in a neoclassical environment with capital-skill complementarity and endogenous education. In this environment estimates of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor that fail to account for human capital levels will be biased upward. We develop a model with overlapping generations, technology-driven neoclassical growth, and ongoing increases in educational attainment. For a class of production functions featuring capital-skill complementarity, a balanced growth path exists and is characterized by an inverse relationship between the rates of capital-and labor-augmenting technological progress and the capital share in national income. (JEL D33, E25, J24, O33)

Towards a “Mall-Less” Suburb

The creation of suburbs has led to segregated functional spaces that once helped nourish their growth, including the shopping mall. However, as the shopping phenomenon evolves, it is crucial to reexamine this building type to accommodate changing needs and their effect on the surrounding area. Shopping malls have been important contributors to social life and through transformation, street and square life can be recreated for suburban communities. This thesis explores the formation of a square within a mixeduse neighbourhood that intertwines public and private spaces to create opportunities for social connectivity. This enhances the existing community and strengthens the relational benefits between public and private realms, and strives to establish a balanced growth. Architecture mediates public and private spaces, and redefines boundaries so that underutilized private space can be optimized and reintegrated into the suburban environment, reestablishing the social life in the suburbs.

Towards a “Mall-Less” Suburb

The creation of suburbs has led to segregated functional spaces that once helped nourish their growth, including the shopping mall. However, as the shopping phenomenon evolves, it is crucial to reexamine this building type to accommodate changing needs and their effect on the surrounding area. Shopping malls have been important contributors to social life and through transformation, street and square life can be recreated for suburban communities. This thesis explores the formation of a square within a mixeduse neighbourhood that intertwines public and private spaces to create opportunities for social connectivity. This enhances the existing community and strengthens the relational benefits between public and private realms, and strives to establish a balanced growth. Architecture mediates public and private spaces, and redefines boundaries so that underutilized private space can be optimized and reintegrated into the suburban environment, reestablishing the social life in the suburbs.

A model of sustainable growth (SGR): Cross-industry analysis

Subject. We investigate the balance of enterprise development in the aviation, trade, and metallurgical industry for 2007–2019. Objectives. The aim is to analyze the sustainability of enterprise development in the said industries, identify factors, having an adverse impact on the balanced development of companies, subject to industry specifics, and ways to achieve the sustainable development of these companies. Methods. The balanced growth model (SGR) and general scientific and statistical methods to analyze economic processes serve as the methodological basis of the study. Results. We analyzed the sustainability of 13 companies on the basis of the balanced growth model. The sample includes companies operating in the aviation, trade, and metallurgy industry. The paper reveals factors that have a negative impact on balanced development, subject to industry specifics, and shows directions of achieving sustainable development of enterprises included in the analysis. Conclusions. The growth of aviation companies is not sustainable, due to losses in certain periods and a high level of dividend payments. To achieve a balanced growth, it is necessary to optimize the price and dividend policy, and reduce costs. The main problems of trading companies stem from a decrease in the level of net profit and incurred losses. The major internal factors, adversely impacting upon sustainable development of metallurgical enterprises, are unreasonably low or high-risk financial leverage, and low profitability or loss-making activities. To neutralize the negative impact of identified problems, it is important to form an optimal capital structure and develop an effective cost management system.

The Process of Bali Hindu Human Life (Theoretical Study of the Process and Meaning of the Manusa Yadya Ceremony for the Balinese Hindu Community)

The Balinese Hindu community interpret life as a process of transformation that must always be interpreted and treated. According to the beliefs of the Balinese Hindu community, the process of the life cycle to achieve the perfection of life must go through various stages of the procession of the ceremony (the ceremony of manusa yadnya). Life cycle ceremony processions carried out since the fetus is still in the womb, born, large, adult, old, even to death. It is believed that it is not only the body that needs nutritionally complete and balanced food in its growth and development. Spiritual must also be given spiritual food to build spiritual growth itself toward a healthy, strong and steady spirit. The life cycle ceremony process is a process of spiritual self cleansing to lead to physical and spiritual purity. In the Book of Manawa Dharmasastra the life cycle ceremony process is stated as samskara sarira. Sarira samkara means a ceremony to increase the sanctity of one's body through the process of yadnya (holy sacrifice) ceremony. To achieve this increase should be balanced growth between the body (sarira) physical and spiritual. Corresponding to that, then studying the ceremonial procession and the meaning of the ceremony procession of the Hindu Balinese human life cycle is something very urgent.