scholarly journals On the Provision of Unemployment Insurance when Workers are Ex-Ante Heterogeneous

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofer Setty ◽  
Yaniv Yedid-Levi
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Incomplete Markets ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Skill Groups ◽  
Optimal Average ◽  
Taxation System

Abstract Labor market outcomes demonstrate considerable variation between and within skill groups. We construct a general equilibrium model with incomplete markets and exogenous differences that matches these facts. We study the role of exogenous heterogeneity in choosing the optimal replacement rate and the maximum benefit for an unemployment insurance (UI) system. The optimal average replacement rate is 27%, compared to 0% in a model without exogenous heterogeneity. The relatively generous choice is due to the redistributive role of UI, which is a manifestation of two elements. First, workers who are unemployed more often receive positive net transfers from the UI system because they draw resources more frequently. Second, the existence of a cap on benefits makes UI progressive. Our main result holds in the presence of a generous progressive taxation system.

scholarly journals Fiscal Externalities and Optimal Unemployment Insurance

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Search Model ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Sufficient Statistics ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
Fiscal Externalities

A common finding of the optimal unemployment insurance (UI) literature is that the optimal replacement rate is around 50 percent; however, a key assumption is that UI is the only government spending activity. I show that optimal UI levels may be dramatically reduced when UI is a small part of overall spending: the negative impact of UI on income tax revenues implies added welfare costs, a mechanism that I call a fiscal externality. Using both a standard calibrated structural job search model and a “sufficient statistics” method, I find that the optimal replacement rate is zero when fiscal externalities are incorporated. (JEL E24, H24, J64, J65)

Tickets for the Inclusive Museum

2020 ◽  
pp. 390-406
Author(s):  
Magda Nikolaraizi ◽  
Charikleia Kanari ◽  
Marc Marschark
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Participatory Learning ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
And Behavior

In recent years, museums of various kinds have broadened their mission and made systematic efforts to develop a dynamic role in learning by offering a wide range of less formal experiences for individuals with diverse characteristics, including individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). Despite the worthwhile efforts, in the case of DHH individuals, museums frequently neglect to consider their unique communication, cognitive, cultural, and learning characteristics, thus limiting their access and opportunities for fully experiencing what museums have to offer. This chapter examines the potential for creating accessible museum environments and methods that reflect an understanding of the diverse communication, cognitive, cultural, and learning needs of DHH visitors, all of which enhance their access and participation in the museum activities. The role of the physical features of museum spaces for the access and behavior of DHH visitors is emphasized, together with attention to exhibition methods and the communication and cognitive challenges that need to be considered so DHH visitors can get the maximum benefit. The chapter emphasizes the right of individuals who are DHH to nonformal learning and analyzes how museums could become more accessible to DHH individuals by designing, from the beginning, participatory learning experiences that address their diverse needs.

Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 534-562
Author(s):  
Matthew O. Jackson ◽  
Brian W. Rogers ◽  
Yves Zenou
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Market Outcomes

What is the role of social networks in driving persistent differences between races and genders in education and labor market outcomes? What is the role of homophily in such differences? Why is such homophily seen even if it ends up with negative consequences in terms of labor markets? This chapter discusses social network analysis from the perspective of economics. The chapter is organized around the theme of externalities: the effects that one’s behavior has on others’ welfare. Externalities underlie the interdependencies that make networks interesting to social scientists. This chapter discusses network formation, as well as interactions between people’s behaviors within a given network, and the implications in a variety of settings. Finally, the chapter highlights some empirical challenges inherent in the statistical analysis of network-based data.

The Role of Preschool Peers in Children's Language Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 088-100
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Purtell ◽  
Arya Ansari ◽  
Qingqing Yang ◽  
Caroline P. Bartholomew
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Preschool Classrooms ◽  
Early Language Development ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Recent Attention

AbstractAlmost 5 million children attend preschool in the United States each year. Recent attention has been paid to the ways in which preschool classrooms shape children's early language development. In this article, we discuss the importance of peers and classroom composition through the lens of age and socioeconomic status and the implications for children's early learning and development. We also discuss the direct and indirect mechanisms through which classroom peers may shape each other's language development. As part of this discussion, we focus on exposure to peer language and engagement with peers, along with teachers' classroom practices. We conclude by discussing the ways in which teachers can ensure that children in classrooms of different compositions reap the maximum benefit, along with implications for research, policy, and practice.

scholarly journals The Role of Family and Friends in Return Migration and Its Labor Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Joseph Gillespie ◽  
Clara H. Mulder ◽  
Christiane von Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Stability ◽  
Onward Migration

AbstractDrawing on survey data on individuals’ motives for migration in Sweden (N = 2172), we examine the importance of family and friends for return versus onward migration, including their importance for different age groups and in different communities on the rural–urban spectrum. The results point to a significant relationship between the importance of family and return versus onward migration, with family importance decreasing with age among returning migrants. At the same time, the importance of friends for returning increases with age. The findings did not suggest a significant relationship between urbanicity and returning versus migration elsewhere. Based on a subset of respondents who were employed prior to migrating (n = 1056), we further examined labor market outcomes for onward versus returning migrants. The results broadly indicate that return migrations are linked to lower likelihoods of labor market deterioration and improvement, suggesting greater labor market stability for return vis-à-vis onward migrations. However, the importance of family for returning (versus moving elsewhere) is associated with higher likelihoods of labor market deterioration and improvement compared with staying the same, indicating greater volatility in labor market outcomes when the importance of family is considered.

Bridging the Technology Transfer Gap

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Effective Transfer ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Achieve Maximum Benefit

The cost–benefits of academic–industry alliances are examined as well as the mechanisms to achieve maximum benefit to all the participants. Strategies to ensure the effective transfer of technology from universities to enterprises are reviewed and suggestions on how these might be refined and supported are offered. The article also touches on the role of a university trading company which can be pivotal in enhancing and expanding academic–industry links.

scholarly journals Podatek rolny jako źródło dochodów własnych gmin wiejskich w Polsce

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kozera
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
The Real ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Taxation System

The main aim of the article was to show the importance of the agricultural tax as a source of own income of rural communes in Poland in 2004-2015. In order to determine the fiscal importance of the tax, the amount and share of income from the agricultural tax in the own income of rural communes were compared to other types of communes. In addition, the amount of income lost due to the agricultural tax was analyzed. The study showed that the agricultural tax as a source of own income plays the most important role in the budgets of rural communes, although the fiscal role of the tax in these local government sector entities is getting smaller. The agricultural taxation system, which is ineffective from the point of view of communes’ financial self-sufficiency and the construction of which is to a very limited extent related to the real amount of production and income in agriculture, is reflected in the low level of own income potential of rural communes.

scholarly journals Penyempurnaan Hukum Formal Perpajakan Terkait Tata Cara Perpajakan

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Haula Rosdiana ◽  
Maria R.U.D. Tambunan ◽  
Inayati Hifni
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
Taxation System

Dalam mengoptimalkan penerimaan pajak, pemerintah selayaknya mendesain sistem perpajakan yang berpegang prinsip efisiensi dengan tetap memperhatikan aspek keadil-an dan kesederhana. Dalam sistem perpajakan, hukum formal mempunyai peranan penting dalam mengejawantahkan hukum material, karena itu Undang-undang Ketentu-an Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan (KUP) menjadi salah satu kunci keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan pajak. Mengingat strategisnya peran UU KUP, perlu untuk mereview kembali UU KUP yang saat ini berlaku serta perlu dilakukan suatu penyempurnaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data kualitatif yang terdiri dari studi literatur dan focus group discussion. Penelitian bertujuan memberikan masukan atas KUP yang saat ini masih dalam proses pembahasan dengan menekankan pada aspek kemudahan (ease of administration), keadilan (equity) dan kepastian hukum (law enforcement). Hasil penelitian ini menekan-kan pada hal-hal terkait (i) perlunya meningkatkan basis data perpajakan, (ii) perlunya menjalankan kemudahan administrasi yang berdasarkan ketentuan yang tegas, jelas, dan sederhana, (iii) penegakan hukum yang tegas, (iv) adanya sanksi yang sebanding dengan pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh wajib pajak, dan (v) peningkatan kualitas layanan dan profesionalisme petugas pajak. Kajian ini diharapkan mampu mendorong terwujudnya regulasi perpajakan pro terhadap optimalisasi penerimaan tanpa mencede-rai hak-hak wajib pajak. Proposal for Amendment of Formal Law on Taxation Procedure  In optimizing tax revenue, the government should design a taxation system that adheres to the principle of efficiency, justice and simplicity. In the taxation system, formal law has an important role in manifesting laws, therefore laws and taxation procedures (KUP) are one of the keys to the successful implementation of tax policies. Considering the strategic role of the KUP Law, it is necessary to review the KUP Law which is currently in force and needs to be improved. This study uses a qualitative approach with qualitative data collection techniques consisting of literature studies and focus group discussions. The research aims to provide input on KUP which is currently still in the process of discussion by emphasizing aspects of ease (ease of administration), justice (equity) and legal certainty (law enforcement). The results emphasize issues related to (i) the need to increase the taxation database, (ii) the need to carry out administrative facilities based on firm, clear and simple provisions, (iii) strict law enforcement, (iv) comparable sanctions with violations committed by taxpayers and (v) improving the quality of service and professionalism of tax officials. This study is expected to be able to encourage the realization of tax regulations that are pro to the optimization of revenue without harming the rights of taxpayers.

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