Validation of a Chinese version of the Tolerance for Mental Pain Scale-10 with Chinese college students

We built and validated a Chinese version of the Tolerance for Mental Pain Scale-10 (TMPS-10). Participants were 840 college students in Jilin, China. The TMPS-10 consists of two dimensions: managing the pain and enduring the pain. In our study Cronbach's alphas were .80 and .83, respectively, and test–retest reliability coefficients were .78 and .72, respectively, for these two dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis results demonstrate that the two dimensions accounted for 61.58% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis results show that the two-factor model fit the sample data well. As the Chinese version of the TMPS-10 meets the requirements for a psychometric tool, it can be used to evaluate Chinese college students' tolerance of psychological pain.

Assessment of selected suicide risk factors and the level of spirituals transcendence and religiosity

Suicide is a global phenomenon and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The analysis covers suicidal risk factors (depression, psychological pain, fascination with death) and protective factors (spirituality, religiosity) in the population of healthy people in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the relationship between recent stressful events and suicide risk factors. In the period from October 2020 to March 2021, 260 people aged 18-63 were surveyed electronically, using the own questionnaire and Polish adaptations of research tools to assess: depression, mental pain, anxiety and fascination with death, spirituality and religiosity and the AUDIT screening test. 38.8% of the respondents achieved the result indicating the presence of symptoms of depression and the need for specialist consultation. Women achieved higher results compared to men (Z = -2.424; p = 0.015). In the measurement of religiosity and spiritual transcendence, the lowest score was noted on the following scales: religious commitment, religious crisis and fulfillment in prayer, while the highest score in the sense of attachment scale. Among the maximum results, the lowest was recorded in the measurement of transcendence and the highest in religious commitment. In the subscale of religious commitment, the respondents achieved the lowest average intensity, and slightly higher in the measurement of the religious crisis. However, the feeling of fulfillment in prayer and universality were the most intense. Statistical significance was demonstrated between depression and fascination with death (ρ = 0.399; p <0.001) and depression and psychological pain (ρ = 0.677; p <0.001). As the religious crisis intensified, the following also intensified: depression (ρ = 0.290; p <0.001), psychological pain (ρ = 0.279; p <0.001) and fascination with death (ρ = 0.224; p <0.001). A positive correlation was found between the number of stressful events and depression (ρ = 0.259; p <0.001) and psychological pain (ρ = 0.295; p <0.001). Statistical significance was demonstrated in the analysis of the impact of recent stressors on suicide risk factors. Psychological pain is the strongest predictor of the "S" sample, and the religious crisis is associated with a greater severity of suicide risk factors. Depressiveness correlates with the intensity of mental pain and fascination with death in people with a high level of spiritual transcendence and religiosity. Increased depression and psychological pain are more common in women and in people experiencing recent stressful situations in life.

THE SPIRITUAL QUEST OF THE HERO IN MELITON GABULOV'S NOVEL "THE HERMIT"

В статье рассматриваются жанровые, сюжетные и психологические особенности романа Мелитона Габулова «Отшельник». Автор романа акцентирует свое внимание не на сложных исторических процессах, а придает событиям неожиданно динамичный, приключенческий характер. Его герой, по сути своей, довольно интеллектуальный, образованный молодой человек, но в силу своей эмоциональной неустойчивости попадает в необычные обстоятельства и совершает порой неоправданные, ничем необоснованные злодеяния. Сочетание злодейства и благородства, противостояние добра и зла, ума и безумия в одном характере определяют сюжетную канву произведения. Определяющим в данной статье является исследование глубоких душевных противоречий и исканий главного героя. Через призму анализа поступков, слов, внешнего облика героя осуществляется попытка раскрыть его внутренний мир, его отношение к жизни в определенных психологических ситуациях. В статье поставлена задача раскрыть глубину чувств и переживаний человека, который пытается превозмочь душевную боль и физическое недомогание. Терзания героя, изнуряющая душевная боль и раскаяние становятся неизбежнымим попутчиками всей его жизни. Писателю удалось в полной мере, достаточно глубоко изобразить чувства и мысли своего персонажа. Чувства и переживания героя определяются его поступками, которые зачастую доходят до абсурда и их невозможно бывает оправдать. Однако авантюрный роман, в силу своих жанровых особенностей, не предполагает понимать и объяснять мотивы поступков героя, более того, он создает условия для небрежного развития сюжета. Таким образом, абсурдные поступки героя и динамизм сюжета становятся определяющим в жанре авантюрного романа, в общем, и романа М. Габулова, в частности. Несмотря на авантюрный характер романа, в его основе лежат нравственно-этические понятия человека. Злодеяния героя становятся следствием его душевных терзаний. Писатель утверждает концепцию добра и гуманизма: добро надо любить, ценить и творить. За доброту нужно бороться, иногда даже с самим собой. В извечной борьбе добра и зла, света и тьмы должно побеждать чувство гуманности и милосердия – таков идейный замысел произведения М. Габулова «Отшельник». The article examines the genre, plot and psychological features of Meliton Gabulov's novel "The Hermit". The author of the novel focuses his attention not on complex historical processes, but emparts to the events unexpectedly dynamic, adventurous character. His hero, in essence, is a rather intelligent, educated young man, due to his emotional instability, finds himself in unusual circumstances and sometimes commits unjustified, unmotivated atrocities. The combination of villainy and nobility, the opposition of good and evil, intelligence and madness in one character constitute the plot of the work. The determining factor in this article is the study of deep spiritual contradictions and searches of the protagonist. Through the prism of the analysis of actions, words, the appearance of the hero, an attempt is made to reveal his inner world, his attitude to life in certain psychological situations. The article aims to reveal the depth of feelings and experiences of a person who is trying to overcome mental pain and physical ailment. The torment of the hero, exhausting mental pain and remorse become the inevitable companions of his whole life. The writer managed to fully, deeply enough depict the feelings and thoughts of his character. The feelings and experiences of the hero are determined by his actions, which often reach the point of absurdity and cannot be justified. However, an adventure novel, due to its genre characteristics, does not imply understanding and explaining the motives of the hero's actions, moreover, it creates conditions for the sloppy development of the plot. Thus, the absurd actions of the hero and the dynamism of the plot become decisive in the genre of the adventure novel, in general, and in M. Gabulov’s novel, in particular. Despite its adventurous nature, the novel is based on the moral and ethical concepts of a man. The hero's atrocities are the result of his mental anguish. The writer approves of the concept of goodness and humanism: good must be loved, appreciated and created. You have to fight for kindness, sometimes even with yourself. In the eternal struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, the feeling of humanity and mercy should prevail - this is the ideological concept of the work of M. Gabulov “The Hermit”.

Predicting the Perception of Dental Pain Based on Pain Anxiety, Dental Anxiety and Mental Pain in an Iranian Sample: Emphasizing the Type of Patient Complaint

Background: dental pain is one of the most common complaints related to dentistry services. Studies indicate that in addition to the damage to the nerves of teeth, psychological factors affect the perception of pain. This study aims to investigate the psychological factors which influence precepting tooth pain. Moreover, another purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of some services such as tooth restoration and a root canal on the psychological variables. Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study by convenience sampling method. The participants were 328 patients who consulted the dentistry clinics in Kermanshah city in 2020-20201. The used instruments for this study were the Questionnaires of Pain Anxiety (PASS-20), Dental Anxiety (DAI), Mental Pain (OMMP), and Pain Perception (SF-MPQ-2). Finally, the data after being collected were entered into SPSS version 24 and were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: According to the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient, precepting pain had a significant relationship (P=.001) with dental anxiety (r=0.38), pain anxiety (r=0.45), and mental pain (r=0.25). Based on the results of simultaneous multiple regression analysis (Enter), dental anxiety variables (β =.266), pain anxiety (β =.356), and mental pain (β =.139) were the significant predictors of precepting pain (P<0.05). Moreover, in terms of dental anxiety, there was a significant difference between the patients who consult dentistry clinics for root canal services and those whose purposes were receiving other services (P<.001). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that psychological factors such as dental anxiety, pain anxiety, and mental pain affect precepting dental pain. Further, the kind of received services influences the psychological factors related to dentistry services.

Mental Pain in Eating Disorders: An Exploratory Controlled Study

Mental pain (MP) is a transdiagnostic feature characterized by depression, suicidal ideation, emotion dysregulation, and associated with worse levels of distress. The study explores the presence and the discriminating role of MP in EDs in detecting patients with higher depressive and ED-related symptoms. Seventy-one ED patients and 90 matched controls completed a Clinical Assessment Scale for MP (CASMP) and the Mental Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). ED patients also completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Clinical Interview for Depression (CID-20), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40). ED patients exhibited significantly greater severity and higher number of cases of MP than controls. Moreover, MP resulted the most important cluster predictor followed by BDI-II, CID-20, and EAT-40 in discriminating between patients with different ED and depression severity in a two-step cluster analysis encompassing 87.3% (n = 62) of the total ED sample. Significant positive associations have been found between MP and bulimic symptoms, cognitive and somatic-affective depressive symptoms, suicidal tendencies, and anxiety-related symptoms. In particular, those presenting MP reported significantly higher levels of depressive and anxiety-related symptoms than those without. MP represents a clinical aspect that can help to detect more severe cases of EDs and to better understand the complex interplay between ED and mood symptomatology.