Individual and calendar funeral and manistic rites in the Hutsul region

Based on ethnographic notes of the late XIX – early XX centuries, as well as modern author's field data collected in the Hutsul region, various individual (thirds, ninths, forties, anniversaries) and calendar (Christmas and New Year, Easter periods and «wonderful») are considered Saturdays) funeral services, common among locals. In this investigation, funeral rites are analyzed through the prism of action, agency, subject and motivational and semantic components. The study found that most Hutsul funeral services are based on a pious attitude towards the dead, as well as ancient manistic motivations. Most of the funeral rites and beliefs preserved among the inhabitants of the Hutsul region are marked by syncretism and reduction, as during their existence they absorbed both archaic and later Christian or modern components. A significant number of the funeral services considered are connected with the Christian-church tradition, which is reflected in the organization of funeral services, appropriate meals, readings of the Psalms. At the same time, among the Hutsuls there are ancient funeral rites, which include collective treats of symbolic cereals, feasts on the graves, as well as the gift of a certain sacrifice «for the soul» of the dead. Consideration of the many beliefs and rites associated with manistic endowments has shown that such practices are based on the reception of agents involved in the rite by symbolic representatives of the dead on earth, while the very procedure of endowing a particular object involves its mediation to the afterlife as a victim. In this context, the status of assimilation to the dead is given to the poor, widows, widowers, the elderly and children. An important element of Hutsul funeral rites are also other manistic rites, among which stand out «calling», «feeding», «drinking», «warming» souls. In general, these rites are an important feature of the cult of ancestors, as they perform a clear gilastic function: they are designed to honor and appease deceased relatives, so that they are the patrons of their descendants during the economic and production year.Key words: Hutsul region, Hutsuls, dead, funeral rites, manistic motives

Burials of the Fallen in Ancient Greece

The paper evaluates works of ancient authors who mention and provide details of the burial of fallen soldiers in ancient Greece, and then it compares them with preserved archaeological finds. Textual analysis shows a long-term tradition of war graves on battlefields. The commanders of the troops provided funeral services in the first place, as the extradition request of bodies was equal to the recognition of defeat. In most cases both sides had enough time to take care of their fallen after the battle, but there were exceptions when the last honors were rather provisional. In addition to burial directly on the battlefield, it seems that, depending on the circumstances, the removal of the remains to the hometown or burial outside the battlefield and outside the home also applies. The tombstones could have various forms, in the case of collective burials, tumuli with stelae bearing the names of the deceased were preferred, in the case of burial of military commanders, tombstones took the form of a monumental statue. Cremation burial is thought to have prevailed over inhumation.

OSVRT NA PROPISE O SAHRANjIVANjU UMRLIH

The subject of the author’s analyses are the national laws regulating funeral services. Since the topic is one of wide scope, the author could not cover it entirely, so the paper only includes the advantages and weaknesses of the regulations which govern a few, according to the author, most significant issues in this field. In the first two parts of the paper, the author discusses the burial concept and principles. The third part analyses the method the legislator uses to regulate the issue of the subjects which are responsible for the organization of the funerals, while the fourth part describes potential burial places. In this context, the author pays special attention to cemeteries and gravesites. In the concluding remarks, based on the previously conducted analyses, the author of the paper presents her evaluation of the laws regulating the burial of the dead, underlining those which need to be amended in future.

Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.

Organization and development of the ritual and funeral industry in Moscow

The demand for ritual and funeral services, which substantiates the importance of the development of the ritual and funeral industry for the Moscow is considered. It is noted that the legal basis for the organization of the ritual and funeral industry has ceased to correspond to the pace and level of its development, and a new version of the basic Federal law is currently being developed. Significant shortcomings in the organization of the ritual and funeral industry and the maintenance of burial places that hinder its development are revealed. From the point of view of the assessment of these problems, the main directions of improvement of this industry are determined, including: improvement of legislation, organization of an effective system of market activities, increasing the protection of citizens in the provision of ritual and funeral services.

Grieving during a pandemic: A psycho-theological response

Collective grieving during the death and the burial processes of a loved one forms part of the healing process of many Africans in different contexts. However, with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the various restrictions imposed during the hard lockdown, the form and shape of grieving has had to change. Factors such as limitations on the number of people who can attend the funeral, lack of contact with the corpse, overall travel restrictions and shortened funeral services have contributed to how people mourn and grieve together. Using a psycho-theological framework, this article argues for the importance of giving serious consideration to both the psychological and spiritual well-being of mourners, specifically in the context of COVID-19. Drawing on an Afrocentric perspective and using a psychological and theological analysis, the article will examine grief, bereavement and mourning, and highlight the ways in which COVID-19 has affected these processes. This analysis will afford us the opportunity to redefine grieving as a psychological and theological response.Interdisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article juxtaposes the theological perspectives with psychological perspectives in analysing the concept of grief during a pandemic. This article suggests communal grieving in contrast to individualised grieving in order to cope with pandemics such as COVID-19.

Challenges and Opportunities of Providing Pediatric Funeral Services: A National Survey of Funeral Professionals

Background: Funeral professionals offer a unique opportunity to support, educate, and advocate for grieving families after the death of a child. From the initial point of contact to the burial, funeral professionals shape the final moments and memories of a family and a community. And yet, little is known about the needs of funeral professionals to provide high quality services when a child dies. Objectives: To conduct a needs assessment among funeral professionals in conducting funeral services for children. Methods: Active National Funeral Directors Association members were surveyed on their experience and needs in providing pediatric funeral services. The survey contained 41 questions about experience, skills, and knowledge in providing pediatric funerals. The survey included multiple choice, yes/no, and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were generated from the survey items and comments/open-ended questions were coded and assessed for themes. Results: More than 200 responses were received. The respondents conducted 43 pediatric funeral services in a 5-year period (approx. 8 services/year). The top 5 self-identified training needs included grieving parents, grieving siblings, memorials, comforting the community, and outreach. Themes from the open-ended questions were (a) maintaining professionalism, (b) managing emotions and experiences, (c) assessing family dynamics, (d) managing professional skills, and (e) building collaborative networks. Conclusions: Specific training needs were identified that will inform the development of targeted training for funeral professionals to improve their skills and knowledge of pediatric funeral services.

Standar Fasilitas Pelayanan Forensik dan Kamar Jenazah di Era Pandemi COVID-19

Mortuary is one of the mandatory parts of a hospital. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the standard of morgue facilities must be a concern to prevent transmission from the corpse. The morgue needs to be designed so that it has the right placement, room design as well as equipment, so as to create a service flow that protects hospital staff and families/communities who come to mourn the corpse. Hospital management must prepare an appropriate standard of facilities, therefore, the funeral services can be carried out properly. This article aims to discuss good standards for forensic and mortuary services, and explores important options to provide mortuaries of type C and D hospitals or mobile hospitals.Keywords: mortuary, forensic service, facility standard Abstrak: Kamar jenazah merupakan salah satu bagian wajib ada di sebuah rumah sakit. Pada masa pandemi COVID-19, standar fasilitas kamar jenazah harus menjadi perhatian agar tidak terjadi penularan dari jenazah. Kamar jenazah perlu didesain agar memiliki penempatan, serta desain ruangan dan alat yang tepat, agar dapat tercipta alur layanan yang melindungi staf rumah sakit dan keluarga/masyarakat yang datang untuk melayat jenazah. Standar fasilitas yang tepat harus disiapkan oleh manajemen rumah sakit agar pelayanan jenazah dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas tentang standar pelayanan forensik dan kamar jenazah yang baik, dan mengeksplorasi pilihan penyediaan kamar jenazah bagi rumah sakit tipe C dan D ataupun rumah sakit bergerak.Kata kunci: kamar jenazah, pelayanan forensik, standar fasilitas

Women Deacons in Ancient Christian Communities

This chapter considers ‘Women Deacons in Ancient Christian Communities: Leadership and Ordination’. Women deacons are widely attested in the Greek-speaking Catholic East during the first millennium. Ancient rites that have been preserved show that the ordination of women deacons was truly ‘sacramental’, just as that of male deacons. Their role consisted in instructing and baptizing female catechumens, guiding women at Sunday worship, taking communion to the sick, and ministering at funeral services. They belonged to the clergy in virtually every parish. They enjoyed more or less the same legal status as male deacons. As time passed, however, the female diaconate was relinquished, partly because of the diminishing of adult baptisms, partly on account of growing anxiety about female clergy possibly polluting the altar through menstruation.