On Qualification of the Phenomenon of Hybridism of the Use of Force and the Problem of Interference in Internal Affairs of a State

The purpose of this article is to eliminate methodological discrepancies in the definition of the problem of “hybrid” use of force and the possibility of using this construct when interfering in the internal affairs of states. In any conflict situation, the behavior of states in moving towards their national goals can be explained through how they do combine and synchronize (as it is often defined at the present time — «hybrid») the use of means of compellence and coercion available to them. In general, conceptually «hybrid war» can be described as “the synchronized use of multiple instruments of national power, specially selected to obtain mutually reinforcing effects on specific vulnerabilities across the entire spectrum of social processes. The substance of the modern security environment has led to an increase in the number of areas of conflict of interests of actors, the complexity and dynamism of conflicts, and the unpredictability of their outcomes. The formation of the practice of attribution of international responsibility, and the development of the international institutions supporting it, took place gradually and, ultimately, led to such a development of the international security environment, which made an appeal to «hybridity» to promote national interests in the process of political competition of social groups or individuals with divergent interests for power inevitable. The problem of terminology is one of the main obstacles to a clear understanding of the operation of the «hybridity» construct in political competition. The active use of the definition «hybrid» by propaganda in combination with the terms «war», «threats», «hostilities in the gray zone», «operations», «tactics», «competition does not turn into a state of war» political discourse, since these terms are almost never linked to the definition of the desired state of international relations by the state leadership. And if we are talking about the outcome of the collision of interests of actors in competition or conflict, then this desired result is «historically» defined by the term «victory». Thus, the definition of the substance of «victory» is a necessary initial point to onset analyzing the possibilities of turning to any of the instruments of national power in a «hybrid» confrontation.

Penalty and Augmented Lagrangian Methods for Constrained DC Programming

In this paper, we consider a class of structured nonsmooth difference-of-convex (DC) constrained DC programs in which the first convex component of the objective and constraints is the sum of a smooth and a nonsmooth function, and their second convex component is the supremum of finitely many convex smooth functions. The existing methods for this problem usually have a weak convergence guarantee or require a feasible initial point. Inspired by the recent work by Pang et al. [Pang J-S, Razaviyayn M, Alvarado A (2017) Computing B-stationary points of nonsmooth DC programs. Math. Oper. Res. 42(1):95–118.], in this paper, we propose two infeasible methods with a strong convergence guarantee for the considered problem. The first one is a penalty method that consists of finding an approximate D-stationary point of a sequence of penalty subproblems. We show that any feasible accumulation point of the solution sequence generated by such a penalty method is a B-stationary point of the problem under a weakest possible assumption that it satisfies a pointwise Slater constraint qualification (PSCQ). The second one is an augmented Lagrangian (AL) method that consists of finding an approximate D-stationary point of a sequence of AL subproblems. Under the same PSCQ condition as for the penalty method, we show that any feasible accumulation point of the solution sequence generated by such an AL method is a B-stationary point of the problem, and moreover, it satisfies a Karush–Kuhn–Tucker type of optimality condition for the problem, together with any accumulation point of the sequence of a set of auxiliary Lagrangian multipliers. We also propose an efficient successive convex approximation method for computing an approximate D-stationary point of the penalty and AL subproblems. Finally, some numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed methods.

Modeling of Wages and Prices Behavior: System Dynamic Approach

The economies of almost every country in the whole word have been suffered from coronavirus pandemic consequences. The damage was especially hard for labor markets. The large magnitude of demand and production shocks that was caused by COVID-19 significantly disturbed the dynamics of output, wages and prices. The research problem addressed in this paper focuses on dynamic properties of wages and prices behavior influenced by shocks with different magnitudes and types. We apply a system dynamic approach to conduct the simulations of economic variables and investigate the possibility of their convergence to some stable path. We examine the impact of demand and production shocks on the output and prices as well as on wage and inflation behavior. It is proved that values of models parameters are crucial for existing of new steady state and convergence of economic variables. The paper determines the bifurcation points that separate different modes of transition period in moving towards or away from equilibrium. The research includes the investigation of the impact of economy’s original state and emphasizes the importance of initial point of the system for the next its dynamics after shock. The research results derived in the paper serves as a useful learning tool to develop a discussion of the policy design issues related to reduction of negative impact of severe and unanticipated disturbance like COVID-19.

Konstruksi Kerangka Konseptual Peranan Roh Kudus dalam PAK Menggunakan Taksonomi Bloom yang Diperbarui

A learning process is aimed toward outcomes. The desired outcomes are the initial point to construct the proper conceptual framework to describe the theoretical foundation of research. Spirituality and spiritual behaviour are two outcomes that Christian Education thinkers agreed upon from Old Testament to now. The meeting between Greeco-Roman and Jewish culture had somewhat changed the trajectory of how Christian Education developed. The Greek cognitive-based learning has influenced the initial Christian Education which is Jewish learning system. This article attempts to describe how spirituality, spiritual behaviour, and spiritual knowledge serve as the ultimate outcomes of Christian Education. The description will fit with the role of the Holy Spirit in the overall process of Christian Education in any given scope. As a result, this article will construct a conceptual framework that can be utilized further to design a biblical curriculum that is not merely cognitively measurable but also to provide an intentional outcome of spirituality and spiritual behaviour. The revised Bloom’s taxonomy will be used to bridge both worlds: the cognitive, and non-cognitive. In conclusion, this article shows that the supernatural work of Holy Spirit is not against the natural work of Holy Spirit through teacher and student relationships in Christian Education, but both work together. AbstrakProses pembelajaran ditujukan untuk mencapai suatu hasil. Hasil yang diinginkan merupakan titik awal untuk membangun kerangka konseptual yang tepat untuk mendeskripsikan landasan teoritis sebuah penelitian. Spiritualitas dan perilaku spiritual adalah dua hasil yang disepakati oleh para pemikir pendidikan Kristen dari zaman Perjanjian Lama hingga sekarang. Pertemuan antara budaya Yunani-Romawi dan Yahudi telah mengubah lintasan (trajectory) Pendidikan Kristen berkembang. Pembelajaran berbasis kognitif Yunani telah mempengaruhi sistem pembelajaran Yahudi. Artikel ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan bagaimana spiritualitas, perilaku spiritual, dan pengetahuan spiritual berfungsi sebagai hasil akhir dari Pendidikan Kristen. Hasil akhir tersebut dapat menggambarkan secara konseptual peran Roh Kudus dalam keseluruhan proses Pendidikan Kristen dalam lingkup apa pun. Sebagai hasil akhir, artikel ini akan menyajikan bangunan kerangka konseptual yang dapat digunakan lebih jauh untuk merancang kurikulum alkitabiah yang tidak hanya dapat diukur secara kognitif, tetapi juga untuk memberikan hasil yang disengaja dari spiritualitas dan perilaku spiritual. Taksonomi Bloom yang telah direvisi akan digunakan untuk menjembatani kedua dunia: kognitif dan non-kognitif. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaan supernatural Roh Kudus tidak bertentangan dengan pekerjaan alami Roh Kudus melalui hubungan guru dan murid dalam pendidikan Kristen, tetapi keduanya bekerja sama.

Phonetic Laws Related to Vowels in Dialects

Today, in carrying out the reforms for the development of our society, there are created full opportunities and conditions for the fulfillment of the tasks set before the Uzbek linguistics, purposeful research work is carried out on the issue of comprehensive study of our language. At the same time, the study of the features of Uzbek dialects, relying on the theoretical bases of areal linguistic research, is defined as one of the priority directions in the historical-comparative and ethnolinguistic aspects.This sphere consists of imperfect, simple descriptive and illustrative aspects, indefinite places need to learn and fill on the basis of new views, from a mental point of view. The article gives an idea of the peculiarities of the Namangan Kipchak and Karluk dialects, the historical genesis of the system of vowels, the issues areal of their prevalence and application. The phonetic-phonological linguistic character of the dialect is a comparative-historical reflection of the processes of events of features and laws. In its turn, there are described opinions about the events of umlaut in the Turkic dialects of synharmonism and Karluk dialects in Kipchak dialects related to the vowels in the Turkic languages. Key policy insights.The study through areal-typological and areal-linguistic methods, which gave Mahmud Kashgariy in Turkic languages, the initial point of any linguistic theory and conceptions, the study of dialects, their specific features, is still one of the important issues today. The emergence of areal linguistics has opened up a wide way to evaluate new issues and concepts in the field of dialectology, to solve them in new ways. Relying on the theoretical basis of dialect and slang areas in the holistic study of the language system, the fact that historical-comparative and ethnologic research is defined as one of the priority areas imposes new responsibilities on Uzbek linguistics and Uzbek linguists.

Damage accumulation near the cold-expanded hole due to high-cycle fatigue by crack compliance method

The novel destructive method is implemented for quantitative assessment of fatigue damage accumulation in the stress concentration zone accompanied by residual stress due to cold expansion of the through-thickness hole. Damage accumulation is reached by preliminary cyclic loading of plane specimens with cold-expanded holes. Narrow notches, emanating from the hole edge at different stages of high-cycle fatigue, serve to manifest a damage level. These notches are inserted without applying external load. Deformation response to local material removing, caused by pure residual stress influence, is measured by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) in terms of in-plane displacement components. Normalized values of the notch mouth open displacement (NMOD), in-plane displacement component at the initial point of the notch acting in the notch direction (U0), in-plane displacement component at the final point of the notch acting in the notch direction (U1) and the stress intensity factor (SIF) are used as current damage indicators. Numerical integration of curves, describing an evolution of each fracture mechanics parameter over lifetime, produces the damage accumulation function in an explicit form. It is established that all four fracture mechanics parameters give very close results.

Silicene dynamic optical response in the presence of external electric and exchange fields

We investigate the dynamic optical transition of monolayer silicene in the presence of external electric and exchange fields within the low-energy tight-binding model. Applying external electric and exchange fields breaks the silicene band structure spin and valley degeneracies. Three phases of silicene corresponding to different strengths of perpendicular electric field with respect to the spin-orbit coupling (∆z < ∆so, ∆z = ∆so and ∆z > ∆so) are considered. We obtain the spinand valley-dependent optical responses to the incoming circularly polarized light using the Kubo formula. We show and discuss how the magnitude and direction of the transverse and longitudinal optical responses of such a system change with the electric and exchange fields. Our calculations suggest that the intraband part of the longitudinal optical response as well as the initial point of the interband part have strong dependencies on the exchange field. Furthermore, we show that one of the spin subbands plays a dominant role in the response to polarized light. Depending on the type of incident light polarization, the dominant subband may change. Our results shed light on the relation between silicene dynamic optical responses and externally applied fields.

The influence of the COVID-19 first wave on the European ecosystem

Hydrometeorological Research and Forecasting, 2021, no. 4 (382), pp. 112-133. The results of analytical studies are presented, which show that restrictive measures for reduction of SARS-CoV-2 propagation speed and the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the territory of Western Europe and the Russian Federation have led to a significant reduction of anthropogenic load on the natural environment and a considerable improvement of environmental conditions for the main types of contaminants. At the same time there is a dramatic growth of total ozone in the troposphere during the period of restrictions almost for all studied territories. It is revealed that after finishing the restrictive measures the level of air contamination reached its initial point: by September in Western Europe and by October in the European part of Russia. The calculations demonstrated that poor air quality aggravates the consequences of COVID-19, and a significant contribution is made by the PM2.5 concentration of fine solid particles, which can penetrate deeper into the human lungs and exacerbate the course of respiratory diseases. Keywords: COVID-19, ecology, tropospheric conditions, satellite information, morbidity level and air quality

Development of an enhanced scatter search algorithm using discrete chaotic Arnold’s cat map

Solving optimization problems is an ever-growing subject with an enormous number of algorithms. Examples of such algorithms are Scatter Search (SS) and genetic algorithms. Modifying and improving of algorithms can be done by adding diversity and guidance to them. Chaotic maps are quite sensitive to the initial point, which means even a very slight change in the value of the initial point would result in a dramatic change of the sequence produced by the chaotic map Arnold's Cat Map. Arnold's Cat Map is a chaotic map technique that provides long non-repetitive random-like sequences. Chaotic maps play an important role in improving evolutionary optimization algorithms and meta-heuristics by avoiding local optima and speeding up the convergence. This paper proposes an implementation of the scatter search algorithm with travelling salesman as a case study, then implements and compares the developed hyper Scatter Arnold's Cat Map Search (SACMS) method against the traditional Scatter Search Algorithm. SACMS is a hyper Scatter Search Algorithm with Arnold's Cat Map Chaotic Algorithm. Scatter Arnold's Cat Map Search shows promising results by decreasing the number of iterations required by the Scatter Search Algorithm to get an optimal solution(s). Travelling Salesman Problem, which is a popular and well-known optimization example, is implemented in this paper to demonstrate the results of the modified algorithm Scatter Arnold's Cat Map Search (SACMS). Implementation of both algorithms is done with the same parameters: population size, number of cities, maximum number of iterations, reference set size, etc. The results show improvement by the modified algorithm in terms of the number of iterations required by SS with an iteration reduction of 10–46 % and improvements in time to obtain solutions with 65 % time reduction

The influence of the COVID-19 first wave on the European ecosystem

The results of analytical studies are presented, which show that restrictive measures for reduction of SARS-CoV-2 propagation speed and the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the territory of Western Europe and the Russian Federation have led to a significant reduction of anthropogenic load on the natural environment and a considerable improvement of environmental conditions for the main types of contaminants. At the same time there is a dramatic growth of total ozone in the troposphere during the period of restrictions almost for all studied territories. It is revealed that after finishing the restrictive measures the level of air contamination reached its initial point: by September in Western Europe and by October in the European part of Russia. The calculations demonstrated that poor air quality aggravates the consequences of COVID-19, and a significant contribution is made by the PM2.5 concentration of fine solid particles, which can penetrate deeper into the human lungs and exacerbate the course of respiratory diseases. Keywords: COVID-19, ecology, tropospheric conditions, satellite information, morbidity level and air quality