Exploring the limits of color accuracy in technical photography

The growing importance of publishing art collections online has led to increasingly strict tolerances on digital photography of art objects. There are two internationally recognized sets of guidelines for creating high-quality digital images, Metamorfoze and FADGI. These guidelines require using sets of standardized color patches in museal photography. The X-Rite ColorChecker SG chart with 140 color patches is often used. Recent studies showed that even in standardized conditions it is often difficult to satisfy the strictest guidelines on color accuracy for camera profiling, with no indications for improvements. We report results of our investigation into the bottlenecks in achieving high color accuracy. We show that a large part of the color deviations originates from the 15 black color patches of the ColorChecker SG chart. These patches have a large impact on the average color deviation and the maximum color deviation that are the performance measures for color accuracy in the FADGI and Metamorfoze guidelines. We show that spectrophotometer measurements for the black patches produce color deviations dE(CIE 1976) ranging from 3.7 to 5.2 with respect to reference data, making it impossible to meet the strictest Metamorfoze guidelines. The black patches push the average color difference CIEDE2000 from 0.59 to 0.82 with respect to reference data already when using spectrophotometer data. Since the strictest FADGI guidelines prescribe an average CIEDE2000 = 2.0, this leaves little tolerance for errors due to lighting and camera profile. Our results indicate that the common practice of manually tweaking camera profiles until software suggests sufficient color accuracy is obtained with respect to suppliers’ reference data often does not improve color representation but makes it worse, especially for representing dark nuances. This is unfortunate for example for the digital photography of seventeenth century Dutch paintings, where dark passages occupy large areas of the art works. We show that the key step in achieving color accurate digital photography is to use customer reference data rather than commonly used generic reference data. We explain the results by investigating not only the color properties of the ColorChecker SG chart, but also its glossiness.

Etawa Goat Estrus Quality with Estrus Synchronization

Background: Estrus synchronization is a way to get a herd of cattle estrus at the same time. This method can increase the reproductive success of livestock, thereby increasing production and population. Purpose: To determine the estrus quality from estrus synchronized Boerja goats, in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. Method: Estrus synchronization using an intra-vaginal sponge contains hormone progesterone, combined with the injection of the hormone GnRH. an intra-vaginal progesterone sponge was inserted for 14 days. After 14 days, the goats were injected with the GnRH hormone, then placed in a cage with the male and observed for estrus quality. Result: the average onset of estrus was 40.6 hours, the average color of the goat's vulvar mucosa when estrus was 2.3 (dark pink), the average presence of mucus was 1.9 (excess vulvar mucus), the average mucus color is 2.8 (white), and the average temperature increase of the vulva when the goat is in estrus is 0.4 ° C. Conclusion: The observations showed that the estrus quality of the goats was very diverse and not all goats were able to show the maximum estrus quality. It can be due to genetic factors, body condition, and feed nutrition.

Analysis of parameters characterizing argyrophilic zones in intact lymphocytes of domestic sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) and their hybrids with argali (Ovis ammon L., 1758)

Relevance and research material. The study of the characteristics of the nucleolus in cells of various tissues allows us to assess the intensity of the processes of protein proliferation and biosynthesis in animals. In interphase cells, the nucleoli correspond to argyrophilic zones (AgNOR) stained with silver nitric acid. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of AgNOR in sheep interphase lymphocytes of different genotypes based on computer analysis and to select parameters for functional evaluation of nucleoli. AgNOR status was studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes from hybrid sheep four genotypes: purebred Romanov sheep, and their F1 hybrids with argali (groups 1 and 2), hybrids, bearing 3/4 of Romanov sheep blood and 1/4 blood argali (group 3), and hybrids that had 7/8 of domestic sheep and 1/8 blood argali (group 4). The number of argyrophilic zones (AgNOR), their total area (SSNOR), their average color density (DNOR), and the average color density of the core (DN) and its AgNOR-free area (DF) were taken into account.Results. Image processing and analysis were performed using the Image Scope 1.0 program. The average AgNOR value in the studied groups of sheep ranges from 2.64 (group 1) to 3.50 in hybrids in groups 2 and 3. There were no significant differences in the value of SSNOR between the groups. In terms of DN and DF, all hybrids were significantly inferior to purebred sheep (р < 0.001). In terms of DNOR, the sheep of group 2 were significantly inferior to the animals of the other groups (р < 0.001). When evaluating the state of the nucleolus-forming system, it is advisable to take into account the AgNOR number, as well as the average optical densities DN and DF.

Lake Chala turbidites produced by surficial slope sediment remobilization: A mechanism to bring near-shore macrofossils to the deep basin with only limited time offset

&lt;p&gt;In paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental studies, turbidites are usually considered as interruptions of the sedimentary sequence and therefore ignored. However, turbidites are composed of sediments from the (shallow) slopes along the lake&amp;#8217;s periphery where fossil assemblages are often different to those in the deep basin. Turbidites may thus be valuable as carriers of this near-shore proxy information to a profundal core site. However, as turbidites are composed of reworked (older) sediments, their fossil content can only be exploited if their &amp;#8220;mean time offset&amp;#8221; can be readily estimated or ascertained to be minimal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several recent studies have shown that turbidites can indeed form as a result of surficial slope sediment remobilization, a process &amp;#8211; independent of slope failure &amp;#8211; in which only a thin veneer (20 cm) of surficial sediment is being remobilized, for example by earthquake shaking, and subsequently transported by a turbidity current. However, demonstrating that this process is active in a basin and determining the remobilization depth, is challenging, especially in the absence of slope cores. Here we study the turbidite record of the 215 m (~260 kyr) long composite core of Lake Chala in the framework of the ICDP project DeepCHALLA. We analyzed its sediment color at a 0.5-cm interval using a spectrophotometer and determined the average color for each of the 391 thickest turbidites (&gt; 3 datapoints) in the L*a*b* color space. For the entire dataset, we performed a linear regression of the turbidite color against the average color of different intervals (2-55 cm) of laminated sediment below. For each combination of paired values, the highest R&amp;#178; values are found for the upper 7-15 cm of matrix sediment below the turbidites, which can thereby be interpreted as the average remobilization depth. These results are mainly based on the a* value, which shows (i) relatively poor correlations between adjacent intervals of laminated sediment (thereby not smearing the signal), and (ii) the most constant values in sediments from across the basin as determined by short-core transects. Depth-dependent variations of sediment color as determined from these transects further allows to estimate the water depth from which the turbidites were sourced.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our results show that the sediments of most Lake Chala turbidites are 100-200 yrs older than the laminated sediments upon which they are deposited. We conclude that the turbidites can be used as &amp;#8216;sampling windows&amp;#8217; to study temporal trends in macrofossils such as ostracods, chironomids and fish teeth, which are much more common along the basin periphery than in the deep basin.&lt;/p&gt;

Exploring the Limits of Color Accuracy in Technical Photography

The growing importance of publishing art collections online has led to increasingly strict tolerances on digital photography of art objects. There are two internationally recognized sets of guidelines for creating high-quality digital images, Metamorfoze and FADGI. These guidelines require using sets of standardized color patches in museal photography. The X-Rite ColorChecker SG chart with 140 color patches is often used. Recent studies showed that even in the standardized conditions of museum photography studios it is often very difficult to satisfy the strictest guidelines on color accuracy for camera profiling, with no indications for improvements.Here we report results of our investigation into the bottlenecks in achieving high color accuracy. We show that a large part of the color deviations originates from the 15 black color patches of the ColorChecker SG chart. These patches have a large impact on the average color deviation and the maximum color deviation that are the performance measures for color accuracy in the FADGI and Metamorfoze guidelines. We show that spectrophotometer measurements for the black patches produce color deviations dE(CIE 1976) ranging from 3.7 to 5.2 with respect to reference data, making it impossible to meet the strictest Metamorfoze guidelines. The black patches push the average color difference CIEDE2000 from 0.59 to 0.82 with respect to reference data already when using spectrophotometer data. Since the strictest FADGI guidelines prescribe an average CIEDE2000=2.0, this leaves little tolerance for errors due to lighting and camera profile. Our results indicate that the common practice of manually tweaking camera profiles until the software suggests sufficient color accuracy is obtained with respect to suppliers’ reference data often does not improve color representation but makes it worse, especially for representing dark nuances. This is unfortunate for example for the digital photography of 17th century Dutch paintings, where dark passages occupy large areas of the art works. We show that the key step in achieving color accurate digital photography is to use customer reference data rather than commonly used generic reference data. We explain the results by investigating not only the color properties of the ColorChecker SG chart, but also its glossiness.

KARAKTERISTIK MUTU BAKSO BELUT (Monopterus albus) DENGAN VARIASI SUBSTITUSI TEMPE

Meatballs are a type of processed food made from chopped fresh meat, fillers, binders and spices. Besides beef, meatballs can also be made from eel meat because eel meat has a high enough protein. Tempe can be used as a substitute for eel meat because the price of tempe is more affordable and the protein content is also quite high. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the composition of eel and tempe on the protein and organoleptic content of eel meatballs. The results of the analysis showed that the more use of tempe composition, the meatball protein content increased by 19.27%. The results of organoleptic analysis of the color, taste, aroma and texture of meatballs with the treatment of eel and tempe composition showed significant differences. The more the use of tempe composition the assessment of color, taste, flavour and texture is decrease. The results of the average color oranoleptic are between 3,75 (likes) to 4,25 (likes), the average organoleptic taste is between 3,65 (likes) to 4,05 (likes), the average organoleptic flavour is between 3,35 (rather likes) to 4,30 (likes) and organoleptic texture averages between 3,65 (likes) to 4,20 (likes). Kata Kunci : meatballs; eel meat; tempe

FEATURES OF THE CIE76, CIE-94, AND CIE-2000 METHODS THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY OF THE DETERMINING PROCESS OF THE IMAGE AVERAGE COLOR

Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований разницы в цвете - показателя Дельта-Е, определяемого по CIE-76, CIE-94, CIE-2000 при определении среднего цвета цифрового изображения. На основе экспериментальных данных были выявлены особенности поведения калькуляторов CIE-76, CIE-94, CIE-2000 при условии их использования для определения среднего цвета различных графических форматов изображений. Исследование показало, что CIE-76 имеет всегда самые большие значения показателя Дельта-Е - . Это выявлено у всех исследованных форматов изображений, независимо от преобладающего цвета на изображении. Также было установлено, что CIE-94, CIE-2000 показывают очень незначительные отклонения друг от друга и существенно отличаются от показателей Дельта-Е CIE-76 на этапах максимального уменьшения изображения. При анализе графических зависимостей поведения показателя , было выявлено, что CIE-76, CIE-94, CIE-2000 ведут себя похоже, сохраняя основные пики значений. Было разработано программное обеспечение на языке программирования Python, которое показало свою эффективность и способность измерять средний цвет у различных изображений.