Graphic Representation of a Dimensional Expansion of Triangular Fuzzy Number

We calculate Zadeh’s max-min composition operators for two 3-dimensional triangular fuzzy numbers. We prove that if the 3-dimensional result is limited to 2 dimensions, it is the same as the 2-dimensional result, which is shown as a graph. Since a 3-dimensional graph cannot be drawn, the value of the membership function is expressed with color density. We cut a 3-dimensional triangular fuzzy number by a perpendicular plane passing a vertex, and consider the cut plane as a domain. The value of the membership function for each point on the cut plane is also expressed with color density. The graph expressing the value of the membership function, defined in the plane as a 3-dimensional graph using the z -axis value instead of expressing with color density, is consistent with the results in the 2-dimensional case.

Epoxidation of Palm Olein as Base Oil for Calcium Complex Bio Grease

The development of palm oil bio grease aimed to substitute grease made from petroleum with a material that is more environmentally friendly. The enhancement of bio grease characteristics can be performed by chemical synthesis. This research aimed to obtain best mole ratio of palm olein and H2O2 in the epoxidation process, and to analyze the physical characteristics of the bio grease products. This process used acetic acid and H2O2 with mole ratio variations of olein and H2O2 of 1: 3, 1: 6, and 1: 9. The mole ratio was selected based on the analysis of iodine and oxiran numbers, which was then processed into bio grease with the addition of calcium stearate and calcium acetate. Epoxidized olein with a mole ratio of olein and H2O2 of 1: 9 was selected because it achieved the highest average oxiran number (0.99), the lowest iodine number (33.09), and it was based on ANOVA and LSD tests. The higher the oxiran number, the more epoxide compounds produced. Low iodine number indicated low unsaturation in fatty acids. The peroxy acid used in the epoxidation process reacted with unsaturated compounds, so that the lower iodine number in the epoxidized olein produced more epoxide compounds. Bio grease had a light cream color, density of 0.96 g/cm3, viscosity of 31,280 mPa.s, unworked penetration of 438 (0.1 mm), worked penetration of 443 (0.1 mm), dropping point < 26°C, corrosion resistance of 2c and NLGI number 00.

Back-trap mottle: A review of mechanisms and possible solutions

Print mottle is a serious and common uneven printing defect that occurs when printing coated paper by the offset multicolor printing process. It is characterized by a non-uniform appearance in terms of brightness, gloss, or color density that appears mostly in solid printed areas. Back-trap print mottle and water-interference print mottle occur when the quality of the paper substrate, especially the coating layer quality, is not satisfactory. To cope with this quality problem of coated papers, the understanding of the offset printing process, the requirements of coated-paper quality, and the reasons for this problem should be addressed. In this review, the basic process of offset printing and the mechanisms of print mottles were explored, the importance of coating uniformity in both the coating structure and process was reviewed, and the approaches to cope with print mottle were introduced.

Sifat Fisik Wafer Berbahan Silase Limbah Sayur Kol dengan Jenis Kemasan dan Komposisi Konsentrat yang Berbeda

This research aims to know the physical quality of color, aroma, texture, density, and absorption of water and know the best type of packaging in wafers resulting from vegetable waste silage cabbage. This study used a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) factorial pattern (4×2) with 2 replication. Factor A consists of concentrate composition, A0=silage of cabbage waste 100% : A1= silage of cabbage waste 75% + 25% rice bran: A2 = silage of cabbage waste 50% + 50% rice bran : A3 = silage of cabbage waste 25% + 75% rice bran and factor B consists of B0 = Bag packaging type and B1=Plastic sack packaging type. Observed parameters include color, aroma, texture, density and water absorption. The results showed that there was interaction (P>0.01) between different types of packaging and substrate composition. No interaction (P>0.05) color, density, water absorption and texture. The composition factor of the substrate has a effect (P<0.01) on color, aroma and texture, but has no effect (P>0.05) on water density and absorption. Packaging type factors have a noticeable effect (P<0.01) on color and aroma, but have no effect (P>0.05) on density, water absorption and texture. It can be concluded that the treatment that gives the best results is the substrate composition of 25% cabbage vegetable waste + 75% rice bran and the type of jute bag packaging for 14 days of storage can maintain the physical quality of the wafer resulting from the silage of cabbage vegetable waste

Polyphenolic Profile of Orange Wines

Objectives The objective of this study is to describe the polyphenolic profile of orange wine and compare it with red wine, additionally this study explores the potential effect of iron content in the orange wine characteristic color. Methods Nine orange wines and 1 red wine were analyzed in triplicate. The skin-contact maceration of the orange wines ranged from 3 days to 6 months. Three orange wines were made following the Georgian traditional method (using Quevri and 6 months skin-contact maceration), one orange wine went through 6 months of skin-contact maceration in oak barrels. Analysis consisted of color density (CD) and hue tint (HT) by measuring absorbance at 420,520, and 700 nm; identification and quantification of the polyphenols gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, r-coumaric acid, myricetin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, b-carotene using LC-MS/MS; and iron content using ICP-OES. PCA of polyphenols was also performed. Results According to the PCA score plot of polyphenols, the three orange wines made following the Georgian traditional method were grouped together with the orange wine that went through 6 months skin-contact maceration in oak barrels closely located in the plot. While orange wines with skin-maceration times of 7 and 3 days were grouped together and clearly separated from those with a 6 months skin-contact maceration. The red wine sample was clearly separated from all the orange wine samples in the score plot. No correlation between color density, hue tint and iron content was observed since iron was not detected in any sample. Conclusions It seems to be a correlation between the length of the skin-contact maceration and the polyphenolic profile of orange wine. Funding Sources CSUN.

Response of Twenty Tall Fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) Cultivars to Low Mowing Height

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) is the most widely used species in the European transition zone, however, despite its good wear tolerance, its use is still limited to lawns and landscape areas due to concerns about its ability to withstand low mowing regimes. A two years field study was conducted to access performance of twenty tall fescue cultivars (‘Ares’, ‘Armani’, ‘Dynamites LS’, ‘Firecracker SLS’, ‘Firewall’, ‘Foxhound’ ‘Granditte’, ‘JT-LT2′, ‘JT-338′, ‘Karakum’, ‘Lexington’, ‘Olympic Gold’, ‘Rebounder’, ‘Rhambler SRP’, ‘Starlett’, ‘Supersonic’, ‘Talladega’, ‘Thunderstruck’, ‘Titanium 2LS’, ‘Turfway’) mowed weekly at 18 mm. Turfgrass was evaluated every two weeks for visual quality, color, density, texture and uniformity, as well as percent green cover (PGC) and dark green color index (DGCI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and traction twice per year. Although no cultivars showed sufficient quality throughout the year, ‘Turfway’, ‘Titanium 2LS’ and ‘JT-338’ achieved high quality rating during spring and fall, the two seasons with the highest frequency of games played on sports field in northern Italy. Traction ratings collected in these study fell within acceptable range for football fields. Our results suggest that improved dwarf-type tall fescue cultivars can be used in sport fields in Northern Italy.

Analysis of parameters characterizing argyrophilic zones in intact lymphocytes of domestic sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) and their hybrids with argali (Ovis ammon L., 1758)

Relevance and research material. The study of the characteristics of the nucleolus in cells of various tissues allows us to assess the intensity of the processes of protein proliferation and biosynthesis in animals. In interphase cells, the nucleoli correspond to argyrophilic zones (AgNOR) stained with silver nitric acid. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of AgNOR in sheep interphase lymphocytes of different genotypes based on computer analysis and to select parameters for functional evaluation of nucleoli. AgNOR status was studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes from hybrid sheep four genotypes: purebred Romanov sheep, and their F1 hybrids with argali (groups 1 and 2), hybrids, bearing 3/4 of Romanov sheep blood and 1/4 blood argali (group 3), and hybrids that had 7/8 of domestic sheep and 1/8 blood argali (group 4). The number of argyrophilic zones (AgNOR), their total area (SSNOR), their average color density (DNOR), and the average color density of the core (DN) and its AgNOR-free area (DF) were taken into account.Results. Image processing and analysis were performed using the Image Scope 1.0 program. The average AgNOR value in the studied groups of sheep ranges from 2.64 (group 1) to 3.50 in hybrids in groups 2 and 3. There were no significant differences in the value of SSNOR between the groups. In terms of DN and DF, all hybrids were significantly inferior to purebred sheep (р < 0.001). In terms of DNOR, the sheep of group 2 were significantly inferior to the animals of the other groups (р < 0.001). When evaluating the state of the nucleolus-forming system, it is advisable to take into account the AgNOR number, as well as the average optical densities DN and DF.

Characterization and virulence determination of Colletotrichum kahawae isolates from Gidami, Western Ethiopia

Coffee is one of the most essential crops that generate income for Ethiopian economic growth. However, its production faced with many factors primarily biotic entities. Among these, the fungal pathogen /Colletotrichum kahawae/ that induce coffee berry disease (CBD) is the main constraint of coffee production in the country. The pathogen is a very specialized and infects the green berries/fiscal par/which diminishes the income gained from it and disturbs the country’s economy in general and the producers in particular. Regarding to the disease level and related factors, little information is available in Western Ethiopia. Hence, this study was initiated to assess the magnitude of CBD in coffee fields, to characterize and evaluate the virulence of C. kahawae isolates from the study areas of Gidami district. Assessment was done in 9 selected kebeles of 45 total farms starting from July 2017. The results indicated that CBD was prevalence in all assessed areas with the range of 66% to 86% and 16% to 50% disease incidence and severity index (SI), respectively. The highest CBD intensity was observed in higher altitude with a significant positive correlation between disease incidence (r = 0.61) and severity (r = 0.55). Macro and microscopic characterization results revealed isolates diversity in terms of colony color, density, mycelia growth rate and conidial production. Moreover, mycelia growth rate differs significantly (p < 0.001) in the range between 2.2 to 4.3 mm/24 hrs. Similarly, the sporulation capacity widely ranged from 186.1 to 572.3 spores/ml. This were strongly agreed with the virulence test that revealed significant variation (p < 0.001) among isolates and infection percentage also ranged between 34.8% and 88.7%. In all, the study was not only showed the CBD is very important disease of coffee in the study area but also determines the virulence disparity among isolates. To be honest, the diversity/identity of C. kahawae isolates should be confirmed using more other reliable methods thru including additional sample areas as well.

Research on Ink Absorption Effect of Adhesive on Foam Plastic Surface Coatings

The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of different adhesives and dosage on the performance of ink absorption coating and improve the quality of foam surface. In this experiment, silica was used as pigment, PVA1788, PVA1799, PVA235 and soluble starch were used as binders, and rigid polyurethane foam was used as coating object. In this experiment, a spraying method was used to coat the surface of plastic foam, UV printer was used for graphic output, and related equipment were used to test the performance of the coating. The results showed that when the ratio of adhesive (PVA1788) to pigment was 20%, the whiteness and wettability of the coating were the best. In this case, rich color range and gradation level could be obtained. With the increase of the alcoholysis of polyvinyl alcohol, the dissolution became difficult, water resistance increased, bonding force increased, film formation became better, and the contact angle of the coating prepared by the high alcoholysis of PVA as adhesive was lower. The coating with PVA235 as adhesive had the highest color density and the best comprehensive effect.