Effects of Combining the Genes Controlling Anthocyanin and Melanin Synthesis in the Barley Grain on Pigment Accumulation and Plant Development

Anthocyanins and melanins are phenolic pigments of plants and accumulate in seed envelopes of the barley grain, thereby giving them a blue, purple, or black color. To explore the effects of combined accumulation of anthocyanins and melanins in the grain, a barley near-isogenic line (NIL), characterized by simultaneous accumulation in both pigments, was developed using a marker-assisted approach. The presence of both pigments in the grain pericarp was evaluated by light microscopy. Emergence of anthocyanin pigmentation proved to be temporally separated from that of melanin, and the formation of anthocyanin pigments began at an earlier stage of spike maturation. During spike maturation, a significantly higher total anthocyanin content was noted in the created NIL than in the parental anthocyanin-accumulating NIL, indicating a positive influence of the Blp1 gene on the anthocyanin content at some developmental stages. In a comparative analysis of yield components, it was found that the observed differences between the barley NILs are possibly caused by environmental factors, and the presence of pigments does not decrease plant productivity. Our results should facilitate investigation into genetic mechanisms underlying overlaps in the biosynthesis of pigments and into breeding strategies aimed at the enrichment of barley varieties with polyphenols.

Assisting Liquid Phase Sintering of Pure Aluminum (Al) by the Tin Addition

In the present study, the addition of tin (Sn) to the pure Al system was done, and its effects on the morphology, density, and compressive yield strength of pure Al were analyzed systematically. In this context, the morphology of sintered Al revealed enhanced wettability and sintering response between Al particles with increased Sn content. Moreover, physical characteristics of sintered Al alloys demonstrated oxidation phenomenon (black color specimen) with the lowest Sn content of 1.5 weight percent (wt.%), in which a higher Sn content of 2 and 2.5 wt.% produced silver color specimens, implying a reduction in oxidation. Additionally, densification of sintered Al alloys was greatly promoted with increased Sn contents, suggesting effective wetting as confirmed by the previous morphological observations. Similarly, the compressive yield strength of sintered Al alloys improved with increased Sn content which might be due to the enhanced inter-particle contacts between Al particles and sufficient wetting by molten Sn. Based on the results obtained, the introduction of Sn powder at various contents improved the sintering response of pure Al powder by providing sufficient liquid-phase sintering. Therefore, the sintered Al alloys had enhanced the morphological, densification, physical characteristics, and compressive yield strength.

Genetic analysis of the hybrid rice population ‘Mavr × Kontakt’

Rice can form not only white-color kernels, but also of red, brown and black colors. In black-color rice kernels, the pericarp contains anthocyanin, which has antioxidant activity and therefore has a positive effect on human health. The purpose of the current study was to develop rice samples with black pericarp. The paper has presented the study results of the hybrid population ‘Mavr × Kontakt’ of the second generation. The variety ‘Mavr’ has a black pericarp, the variety ‘Kontakt’ has a white one. In the process of hybridological analysis there have been identified the patterns of inheritance of the main quantitative traits affecting productivity; there have been identified the best samples, in which formed compact erect panicles and black kernels; there has been selected the initial material for breeding work. The study was carried out in 2020 on the plots of the ES “Proletarskoye” in the Rostov region. There was established that the color of pericarp was inherited according to the type of complementary interaction of two genes. There was found an overdominance and interaction of two pairs of genes of different strengths according to ‘plant height’. There was also seen partial positive dominance, transgressions, and digenic differences of the initial varieties according to ‘panicle length’. According to the traits ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there was identified overdominance of large values and positive transgression. There were found the forms with well-kerneled panicles. The trait ‘1000 kernel weight’ was characterized by negative dominance and dihybrid cleavage of 9:6:1. There have been selected the best morphotype F2 forms with black pericarp, which possessed optimal plant height, long panicles, larger kernel size, and an average 1000 kernel weight.

Case Report on Gastric Carcinoma

Introduction: Gastric cancer or stomach cancer is an any malignant tumor arising from the region extending between the gastroesophageal (GE) junction and the pylorus. The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have been declining in most developed countries. The age-adjusted risk fell 5% from 1985-1990.Clinical. Findings: Abdominal pain in an region, weakness and loss of appetite from 50 days, pain in lower limb from one month, nausea and vomiting, history of passage of black color stool (for two days, 50 days back), loss of weight five kg in last one month. Diagnostic Evaluation: Hb - 11.2 gm/dl Decreased , RBC 4.17cumm,CBC MCH- 22.6 Pico gm (decrease), Platelet -1.2 lakhs / cumm (decrease), Eosinophil- 9 % (increase )Monocytes-2% (decrease), KFT- sodium – 132 meq/L (decrease) LFT -bilirubin (conjugated) – 0.30 gm %(decrease)Bilirubin (unconjugated ) 0.33 gm %{ decrease}, CT scan, MRI, Upper GI endoscopy - showed abnormal mass ,Endoscopic ultrasound lesion as small as 2-3 mm in diameter, USG CECT Abdomen Report- showed enhancing wall thickening Involving body of gastric without obvious perigastric extension Or significant, consistent with gastric carcinoma. Histopathology report of gastrectomy specimen showed poorly Differentiated adenocarcinoma gastric­ mixed type – pT4a N1 M0. Therapeutic Interventions: Inf. Metrogyl 500 mg TDS, Inj. Amikacin 500 mg OD, Inj. Pantop 40 mg BD , Inj. Piptaz in 100ml NS 4.5 mg TDS, Inj. Levofloxacin 500 mg OD, Tab. Telma 40 mg OD, Inj. PCM in 100ml NS 500 mg TDS, Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy was also Done. Outcome: After treatment, the patient show improvement. His abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting , pain in lower limb were relieved and After all pharmacological, surgical and medical intervention , patient is now in stables condition his mental and it physical condition is improving and laboratory value are in normal range, and he is able to do his daily activities. Conclusion: My patient was admit in surgery Ward No- 28 , AVBRH with a known case of Gastric carcinoma and he had complaint of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting ,pain in lower limb , weakness, black color stool and loss of appetite. After getting appropriate treatment his condition was improve.

COMPARISON OF TWO STAINING METHODS FOR ANODIZING IN ALLOY 6063 ALUMINUM PROFILES

Background: Aluminum stands out for being a light, corrosion-resistant, and recyclable metal, achieving wide coverage in the market. When incorporated into alloying elements, it is possible to acquire other desirable characteristics. Alloy 6063, intended for architectural purposes, has aesthetic, structural, and strength functions. Anodized finishing is performed through an electrolytic process, ensuring a more resistant aluminum oxide film than that formed naturally. For decorative purposes, the anodic film coloration can be performed by several methodologies, in this case, for the coloration by organic adsorption, with the use of aniline, and the electrolytic coloration, composed of tin sulfate salts, both for obtaining the black color. Aim: Compare of two different staining methods on the surface of anodized profiles of aluminum alloy 6063. Methods: Profile samples were collected and tests were carried out to measure the thickness of the anodic layer, immersion tests with 3,5 percent sodium chloride, for 1000 hours, and neutral saline mist, for 600 hours. Results and Discussion: Both methodologies proved to be resistant to immersion tests with sodium chloride, as well as with neutral saline mist, and these tests are quite aggressive and provide corrosion of the material when not well treated. Corrosion points were only seen at the intersections performed, and in the rest of thearea, no points were detected. Conclusions: The result of both methodologies was positive, considering tht there was no corrosion in the tested samples, except in the intersections performed, as well as the maintenance of the color in both tested methodologies, which was not expected in the literature. For future work, it is suggested to deepen the study to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests for exaluate the strength of the anodic film and perform anodizing with the same parameters, however, with different anilines to analyze their behavior.

The jumping spider Saitis barbipes lacks a red photoreceptor to see its own sexually dimorphic red coloration

Examining the role of color in mate choice without testing what colors the study animal is capable of seeing can lead to ill-posed hypotheses and erroneous conclusions. Here, we test the seemingly reasonable assumption that the sexually dimorphic red coloration of the male jumping spider Saitis barbipes is distinguishable, by females, from adjacent black color patches. Using microspectrophotometry, we find clear evidence for photoreceptor classes with maximal sensitivity in the UV (359 nm) and green (526 nm), inconclusive evidence for a photoreceptor maximally sensitive in the blue (451 nm), and no evidence for a red photoreceptor. No colored filters within the lens or retina could be found to shift green sensitivity to red. To quantify and visualize whether females may nevertheless be capable of discriminating red from black color patches, we take multispectral images of males and calculate photoreceptor excitations and color contrasts between color patches. Red patches would be, at best, barely discriminable from black, and not discriminable from a low-luminance green. Some color patches that appear achromatic to human eyes, such as beige and white, strongly absorb UV wavelengths and would appear as brighter “spider-greens” to S. barbipes than the red color patches. Unexpectedly, we discover an iridescent UV patch that contrasts strongly with the UV-absorbing surfaces dominating the rest of the spider. We propose that red and black coloration may serve identical purposes in sexual signaling, functioning to generate strong achromatic contrast with the visual background. The potential functional significance of red coloration outside of sexual signaling is discussed.

Eliminate obstacles of use the solar systems as buildings facades using multilayers optical interference filters

The Building design in a correct way and totalitarian requires integration of using solar energy technologies in the architectural design stage of the roofs and facades as the most appropriate places to obtain solar energy because it greatly affects the architectural aesthetic. This integration has to be taken into account at the design stage, which leads to effective and attractive solutions. Architecture needs the energy to complete its functions to increases human effectiveness and ability to do its tasks better, solar energy is the main factor of providing the necessary energy due to its abundance as well as being clean energy and does not cause polluting emissions to the environment. To provide a comfortable indoor environment for the occupants, Solar Thermal Collectors (STC) and Photovoltaics Cells (PV) used, which convert solar energy into thermal energy and electrical energy, respectively. The main problem of this study is concerning with the problems of the black color, visible tubes, metallic strip gradients (absorption strip), and welding points of the solar systems which gives the facades of the buildings an undesirable view and weakens the aesthetic aspect of the buildings and limits the abilities of architects to use because of their black color and undesirable aspect. The aim of this study is a design of optical interference filter (multilayer coatings) prepared by RF magnetron sputtering as a solution to the problem of black color, visible tubes, metallic strip gradients (absorption strip), and welding points in solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic cells, which are the main reasons for not using solar systems as building facades, this technique works to increase the efficiency of the solar systems and increase the amount of clean energy generated, also enhancing the expressive and aesthetic aspect of facades of buildings. In the NIR region this filter works as an anti-reflective coating. Also the coating includes a high color reflection at a certain wavelength in the VIS region to give the solar system an aesthetic feature, which is used as building facades by using appropriate dielectric substances with high and low reflective indexes likes SiO2 and MgF2 respectively. The results of the study showed that the increase in the number of layers will lead to an increase in the visible reflectivity peak, while near of infrared region remains an anti-reflective with a high Transmission of solar rays, thus increasing solar systems efficiency.

Nutraceutical and Functional Properties of Peel, Pulp, and Seed Extracts of Six ‘Köhnü’ Grape Clones

Grape production has a long history in the Elazig province and surrounding vicinity and produced grapes have been used for table consumption and also processed into traditional beverages, Şıra (special non-alcoholic grape juice) and wine. In the Elazig province, the main grape cultivars are ‘Ağın Beyazı’, ‘Öküzgözü’, ‘Boğazkere’, ‘Şilfoni’, ‘Tahannebi’, and ‘Köhnü’. Among them, ‘Köhnü’ cultivar is highly preferred by consumers due to its black color and perfect berry characteristics. The cultivar has grown for centuries in different parts of Elazig and shows a great variability for most of its morphological and biochemical characteristics. In the present study, we aimed to determine morphological and biochemical traits in six ‘Köhnü’ clones sampled from Elazığ. The cluster weight of six clones was found between 334–394 g. The highest total phenolic content was observed in seeds followed by peel and pulp samples. The seed extract of Clone 2 had the highest total phenolic content at 254 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g fresh weight. The results also showed that peel, pulp, and seed samples of ‘Köhnü’ grape clones had considerable amounts of antioxidant components determined by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and TEAC assays and might be rich sources of natural antioxidants. Among the six ‘Köhnü’ clones, Clone 3, and Clone 6 differed from the others in respect to the highest cluster weight, the highest concentrations of total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results also implied that all clones could be used potentially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible pharmaceutical supplement.

USAGE OF IDIOMS WITH THE CONCEPT “BLACK” IN THE ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES

The article deals with the importance of using idioms, peculiarities, semantic meanings, and formation of idiomatic expressions. In this article, idioms with the concept “black” in the English and Karakalpak languages have been analyzed and examples are provided. Comparative and descriptive methods analyses are used in this article. The article gives information about the problem of understanding and using idioms with foreign speakers lies in the definition of an idiom. Also, in the article, black color in the Karakalpak culture is explained and the reason of why this colour mostly associated with the negative concepts has been defined. KEY WORDS: idioms, black, English and Karakalpak language, idiomatic expressions.

In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Lung Cancer and Anti-COVID-19 Effects using Fermented Black Color Ginseng Extract

Ginseng is known as the “king” of herbal plants and has been used widely in Asia for centuries. Ginseng contains active saponins, including protopanaxadiols, protopanaxatriols, and other compounds. There are many methods for processing ginseng, such as steaming, fermentation, expansion, and conversion of active compounds, which can improve its biological activity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of fermented black color ginseng (FBCG), black ginseng (BG), and white ginseng (WG) on a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). Moreover, we found that treatment with FBCG induced oxidative stress in the A549 cell line and increases the apoptosis percentage; these effects were linked to the stimulation of the caspase 3/mitogen-activated protein kinase (caspase 3/MAPK) pathway. We also evaluated the anti-coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) effect of FBCG on a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected Vero E6 cell line. Our results suggest that FBCG not only inhibits the replication of this strain of virus in the cell but also reduces the number of viral RNA (vRNA) copies in the extracellular environment. Taken together, these data show that FBCG has both potential anti-lung cancer and anti-COVID-19 effects.