What is the Nature of Language? How does it Behave? What is Language Learning then? A Review Paper in Applied Linguistics

Language is viewed differently by people from different fields, and one of the reasons why linguists and philosophers encounter difficulties in clarifying what the study of language should involve has to do with the general view that language means many things to people from different disciplines. This paper provides a comprehensive and analytical discussion patterning to the nature of language, theories, methods, and approaches to language teaching and learning based on a literature review. In particular, the paper answers questions of what is the nature of language, what is involved in the study of a language and how does it behave? And how language can be taught effectively? To address these questions, the paper has reviewed various studies on the definition of language and the trend in trying to define language. Also, it has examined how much scholars have defined language economically, but adequately, and it has discussed the nature of language and its assumptions or theories, then it has indicated how language can be best taught. The review indicates that there are conflicting claims about the nature of language, and thus, it is difficult to define the nature of language or to tie it down to one statement, for it means many things to different people. The paper concludes that it is difficult to define the nature of language comprehensively in one statement, and the concept of language teaching is mainly influenced by the idea of the nature of language, and on how language is taught and learnt. Therefore, success in language teaching depends on the learning environment, how a teacher views what is a language or the nature of language and on the motivations of learning provided to the learners.

Teacher views on the use of scenarios to enhance scientific literacy through raising career awareness

Uuringu eesmärk oli välja selgitada loodusteaduste õpetajate valmisolek kasutada karjääriteadlikkuse kujundamisele suunatud stsenaariume loodusteadusliku kirjaoskuse arendamisel. Kasutasime viit uuringu jaoks koostatud kontekstipõhist loodusteadusliku karjääriteadlikkusega seotud stsenaariumi. Igas neist tutvustati sotsiaalteaduslikust kontekstist lähtuvalt vähemalt kaht loodusteadustega seotud elukutset koos neis vajalike teadmiste ja oskustega. Valmisolekut stsenaariume tunnis kasutada küsiti kümnelt loodusteaduste õpetajalt, kasutades Google Formsi keskkonnas kohandatud küsimustikku. Kvalitatiivse analüüsi tulemused näitasid, et õpetajate valmisolek stsenaariumide kasutamiseks on erinev ning isegi kogenud õpetaja vajab mitmekülgseid juhiseid karjääriteadlikkuse kui loodusteadusliku kirjaoskuse ühe tahu arendamiseks loodusteaduste tundides. Summary

DEVELOPING ELECTRONIC STUDENT WORKSHEET (E-WORKSHEET) BASED PROJECT USING FLIPHTML5 TO STIMULATE SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

This research aims to develop worthy (in terms of validity and practicality) Electronic Student Worksheets (E-Worksheet) based project using FlipHTML5 in light interference topic. E-Worksheet developed to stimulate student’s science process skills. This research used design and development research (DDR) which consisted of 4 stages, namely analysis, design, development, and evaluation. The results of the product validity were assessed by experts consisting of two high school physics teachers and a lecturer from the physics education department of the University of Lampung who got an average score of 3.56 with the very valid category. The E-Worksheet practicality in terms of the legibility, the student views that was completed by 9 students, and the teacher views that was completed by 5 high school physics teachers got an average percentage of 90% with the very practical category. These results showed that E-Worksheet were valid and very practical to stimulate student’s science process skills. Based on teacher views, the E-Worksheet is very possible to be implemented in online and face-to-face learning especially in the covid-19 pandemic era. The E-Worksheet can be used as multimedia to support online learning.