Here's Looking At You: Quantification Of Quotidian Exposure To Faces

The majority of adults are face experts, excelling at perceiving, recognizing, and discriminating amongst faces. This expertise begins to develop in infancy, but it is currently unclear whether it develops primarily based on extensive experience or on a genetic predisposition. The amount of face experience typically received in infancy and adulthood has not been quantified previously. Through the use of head-mounted cameras, this study describes the exposure to faces received by 1-and 3-month-old infants and adults in their natural environment. Adults see faces significantly less often (13% of the time) than 1-and 3-month-oldinfants(37% and 38%, respectively). Infants see more female, homogenous-age, own-race, inverted, and emotional faces than adults. They also view more up-close faces than adults, which reflects the different interactions infants and adults have with faces. These results are discussed in terms of the relations between face exposure and the development of expertise.

Here's Looking At You: Quantification Of Quotidian Exposure To Faces

The majority of adults are face experts, excelling at perceiving, recognizing, and discriminating amongst faces. This expertise begins to develop in infancy, but it is currently unclear whether it develops primarily based on extensive experience or on a genetic predisposition. The amount of face experience typically received in infancy and adulthood has not been quantified previously. Through the use of head-mounted cameras, this study describes the exposure to faces received by 1-and 3-month-old infants and adults in their natural environment. Adults see faces significantly less often (13% of the time) than 1-and 3-month-oldinfants(37% and 38%, respectively). Infants see more female, homogenous-age, own-race, inverted, and emotional faces than adults. They also view more up-close faces than adults, which reflects the different interactions infants and adults have with faces. These results are discussed in terms of the relations between face exposure and the development of expertise.

Malandragem and Ginga: Socio-cultural constraints on the development of expertise and skills in Brazilian football

In an ecological dynamics rationale, the development of expertise in sports is shaped by interactions of personal, task and environmental constraints. A notable outcome of this process is the distinctive performance styles of athletes shaped by socio-cultural-historical constraints. To understand this process, we examined the role of socio-cultural constraints shaping the development of skill in Brazilian football players at the macrosystem level. A range of data sources were inductively generated and analysed through the qualitative interpretative paradigm, including historical contextual analysis, participant observation, and unstructured interviews. Malandragem (i.e., cunning) emerged as a major focus and our findings suggested that behavioural characteristics, such as mischief and deception, are common attributes valued by many elite Brazilian footballers. Our analysis suggests how the value system of Malandragem is a product of the socio-cultural constraints primarily influenced by the Mulattos’ cultural traditions, historically interacting with particular socio-economic conditions. In Brazil, Malandragem can manifest itself through the Ginga (i.e., body sway) playing style in which footballers move deceptively to gain competitive advantages over opponents. Whilst the theatrical antics of contemporary Malandros (i.e., tricksters and/or streetwise persons), such as Neymar Junior, are frowned upon by many football critics, we argue that some aspects of being Malandro may be contributing to the development of a high level of perceptual-motor and cognitive functioning that has underpinned the Ginga playing style in Brazilian football for many decades.

Newly graduate engineers’ development of expertise and personal competencies

This paper investigates importance and development of expertise and personal competencies of newly graduated engineers according to academic staff members, industrial employers and the graduated engineers themselves. The aim was to discover how graduated engineers perceive the importance of competencies at the time of graduation, and how various competencies have developed during their studies. For such purposes, a national-wide graduate survey was adopted as a basis for research. The results show that engineering degree programmes highlight theoretical foundation rather than generic competencies, whereas industrial employers favor personal competencies and attitudinal factors. Furthermore, according to graduates’ ratings, some competencies have developed more than appears to be necessary at the beginning of their career. These competencies were the most valued in degree programmes. Similarly, some competencies that were least valued in degree programmes were part of the least developed competencies in studies, but also part of the most important competencies for graduates.

Accelerating the Acquisition of Expertise

What accounts for the striking variability in how readily people acquire expertise and the ultimate level of performance they attain? In this article, we discuss sources of individual differences in skill acquisition. We begin by describing a first-of-its-kind case study of golf expertise: Dan McLaughlin’s attempt to make the PGA Tour through deliberate practice. Contrasting engineered vs. ecological approaches to developing expertise, we then discuss three factors that may have contributed to McLaughlin’s inability to attain his goal: domain selection, starting age, and design of training. We conclude by discussing future directions for expertise research. With a better understanding of what accounts for variability across people in the development of expertise, it may be possible to accelerate the acquisition of expertise.

A Preliminary Review of Neurolinguistics Research in Simultaneous Interpreting (SI)

The present review article, with no pretense of being exhaustive, aims at shedding light on some of the major empirical studies conducted in recent years in Simultaneous Interpreting (SI) from a neurolinguistics point of view.Some of the issues that will be covered include the definition and development of expertise in SI, neuronal adaptation and the cognitive complexity of SI. The present preliminary review will end with some questions that future research could focus on and, hopefully, provide some answers to.