Investigation of Virulence Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Sterile Body Fluid Samples and Their Correlation with Clinical Symptoms and Outcomes

Staphylococcus aureus is the major pathogen causing nosocomial human infections and produces a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its ability to colonize and cause diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the virulence genes in S. aureus isolated from sterile body fluid samples and their correlation with clinical symptoms and outcomes. The VITEK 2® Compact system was used to perform biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests on 33 S. aureus isolates. Virulence genes were amplified using multiplex PCR. The virulence gene patterns were analyzed by systematic cluster analysis. The frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 45.45%, and 17 virulence genes were identified. Genes encoding hemolysins showed high frequencies. The frequencies of hla, hlb, hld, and hlgB were 93.94% and that of the luk-F/S-PV was 21.21%. Except for the frequency of splB (51.52%), the remaining genes encoding invasive proteases showed frequencies greater than 81.82%. Among the patients, 100.00% had undergone invasive medical procedures and 24.00% had been treated with more than three types of antibiotic drugs. Invasive medical procedures are the main causes of infection. Resistance to antibiotic drugs and the status of carrying virulence genes were highly related to clinical symptoms and outcomes.

Multifactorial Mechanisms of Tolerance to Ketoconazole in Candida albicans

Due to the ever-expanding range of invasive medical procedures and treatments, invasive fungal infections now pose a serious global threat to many people living in an immunocompromised status. Like humans, fungi are eukaryotic, which significantly limits the number of unique antifungal targets; the current arsenal of antifungal agents is limited to just three frontline drug classes.

Forced motion of a cylinder within a liquid-filled elastic tube – a model of minimally invasive medical procedures

This work analyses the viscous flow and elastic deformation created by the forced axial motion of a rigid cylinder within an elastic liquid-filled tube. The examined configuration is relevant to various minimally invasive medical procedures in which slender devices are inserted into fluid-filled biological vessels, such as vascular interventions, interventional radiology, endoscopies and laparoscopies. By applying the lubrication approximation, thin shell elastic model, as well as scaling analysis and regular and singular asymptotic schemes, the problem is examined for small and large deformation limits (relative to the gap between the cylinder and the tube). At the limit of large deformations, forced insertion of the cylinder is shown to involve three distinct regimes and time scales: (i) initial shear dominant regime, (ii) intermediate regime of dominant fluidic pressure and a propagating viscous-peeling front, (iii) late-time quasi-steady flow regime of the fully peeled tube. A uniform solution for all regimes is presented for a suddenly applied constant force, showing initial deceleration and then acceleration of the inserted cylinder. For the case of forced extraction of the cylinder from the tube, the negative gauge pressure reduces the gap between the cylinder and the tube, increasing viscous resistance or creating friction due to contact of the tube and cylinder. Matched asymptotic schemes are used to calculate the dynamics of the near-contact and contact limits. We find that the cylinder exits the tube in a finite time for sufficiently small or large forces. However, for an intermediate range of forces, the radial contact creates a steady locking of the cylinder inside the tube.

EMDR and Nonpharmacological Techniques for Anxiety Prevention in Children Prior to Invasive Medical Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nonpharmacological Techniques (NPT) have been suggested as an efficient and safe means to reduce pain and anxiety in invasive medical procedures. Due to the anxious and potentially traumatic nature of these procedures, we decided to integrate an eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) session in the preprocedure NPT. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of one session of EMDR in addition to the routine NPT. Forty-nine pediatric patients (Male = 25; Female = 24) aged 8–18 years (M = 13.17; SD = 2.98) undergoing painful and invasive medical procedures were randomized to receive standard preprocedural care (N = 25) or a session of EMDR in addition to the standard nonpharmacological interventions (N = 24). Participants completed the anxiety and depression scales from the Italian Psychiatric Self-evaluation Scale for Children and Adolescents (SAFA) and rated anxiety on a 0–10 numeric rating scale. Participants in the NPT+EMDR condition expressed significantly less anxiety before the medical procedure than those in the NPT group (p = .038). The integration of EMDR with NPT was demonstrated to be an effective anxiety prevention technique for pediatric sedo-analgesia. These results are the first data on the efficacy of EMDR as a technique to prevent anxiety in pediatric sedo-analgesia. There are important long-term clinical implications because this therapy allows an intervention on situations at risk of future morbidity and the prevention of severe disorders.

Attachment style and family presence preference during invasive nursing procedures

Introduction: The attachment style and family presence preference are important during invasive medical procedures. We aimed to analyze the effects of adult attachment styles of the patients which prefer the presence of their family members during the invasive medical procedures in emergency departments. Methods: We included 76 randomly selected patients who received invasive medical procedures in the emergency department of the University hospital. The Patient Information Form and Relationship Scales Questionnaire were used to collect data. Results: About 57.9% of the patients said that they preferred their relatives to stand by them during invasive nursing procedures. 56.6% of participants stated that they favor their relatives to support them at the time of such interventions. Average scores of adult attachment styles were 3.02 ± 0.63 for fearful, 3.57 ±0.57 for dismissing, 2.87 ± 0.50 for preoccupied, and 2.79 ± 0.66 for secure attachment style. Adult attachment styles of participants were found to have no impact on preferring someone standing by them at the time of invasive nursing interventions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Adult attachment styles do not affect the patients' need to have a family member stand beside them during an invasive medical procedure.

Pojęcie „dysocjacji” – zagadnienia podstawowe

In this article I present the notion the dissociation. The dissociation is connected with personality disorders and with the trauma. Experience a strong trauma is nature of dissociative disorders. The dissociation can have different manifestations, e.g. the amnesia, the confusion or the exchange of the personality. Dissociative disorders are not only the domain of the so-called pediatric pathology. Dissociation is also a mechanism activated during invasive medical procedures that the experience can touch every family.