RADIKALISME AGAMA: REKONSTRUKSI PENAFSIRAN JIHAD DAN ISLAM YANG RAHMAT LIL ‘ALAMIN

This paper describes radicalism or the notion of a sect that wants social and political change or reform by means of violence, an understanding that refers to certain groups, who want and make changes to religious values ​​that are considered contrary to their understanding. Among the ideologies they profess is to disbelieve all those who commit immorality, those in power who do not follow Allah's law, to disbelieve in the clergy and ordinary people who have different views, to disbelieve in those who accept their thoughts but are reluctant to become followers and are reluctant to make promises (pledges) of allegiance to them. The priest, as for if the congregation leaves the group then it is considered apostate. Understand radicalism or extremism which most experts call the puritans, jihadists. Such understanding does not exist without the underlying causes. The underlying factors are: unemployment and poverty, munkar and polytheism, understanding wrong religious teachings, not understanding the rules of maslahah and mafsadah, unstable political and security conditions, ignorance, being less selective in absorbing information, excessive religious enthusiasm, following lust and leave the scholars and jihad out of their mission.

Of God and Reason in XVIII C. British North America

The following article intends the description of the religious and intellectual environment in prerevo-lutionary America. It is divided into two main sec-tions: (1) a religious one where I will cover the most significant elements, and the ideological context of what was the most decisive cultural force in the formation of the new country ?Puritanism?; and (2) another that succinctly describes the particular shape that enlightened thought acquired in that part of the British Empire.A description of eighteenth-century Puritan North America requires a closer look at the ver-sion of Calvinism prevalent in the Northeastern seaboard, and therein to the cultural phenomenon of religious revivalism. Now connected to these variables lie a series of theological conceptions that shaped Puritan belief and practice in manifold ways, and that will be covered in the first section of this work: Arminianism, Antinomianism, Millen-nialism, and Religious Enthusiasm, among others.

Politisi Lokal dan Ziarah Menyingkap Hajat Melalui Alquran Kuno Bismo

Ziarah merupakan aktifitas yang sudah menjadi tradisi di kalangan umat Islam di Jawa. Salah satu destinasi penting yang banyak dikunjungi adalah desa Bismo. Di desa tersebut terdapat peninggalan para wali, salah satunya adalah manuskrip Alquran kuno yang diyakini sebagai tulisan tangan sunan Bonang (1465-1525). Tulisan ini mengungkap bagaimana sejarah dan praktik ritual ziarah di Bismo, dan bagaimana resepsi para politisi lokal terhadap ritual ziarah dan Alquran kuno di Bismo. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologis, tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa (1) praktik ritual ziarah di Bismo termasuk unik, selain membaca bacaan dan doa sebagaimana yang dilakukan di tempat lain, peziarah yang mempunyai hajat khusus melakukan ritual mandi membuang sial dan membuka Alquran kuno; (2) Ziarah yang dilakukan para politisi lokal di Bismo juga memiliki kekhasan sendiri. Motivasi yang mendorong mereka bukan hanya motivasi keagamaan namun juga motivasi sekular untuk melancarkan cita-cita dan tujuan. Pandangan mereka terhadap Alquran Bismo berkelindan antara pandangan sakralitas terhadap peninggalan wali dan pandangan pragmatis memposisikan Alquran Bismo sebagai instrument untuk menggapai hajat. Pilgrimage is an activity that has become a tradition among Muslims in Java. One of the most visited destinations is the village of Bismo. In the village, there are relics of the saints, one of which is an ancient Qur'an manuscript that believed to be the handwriting of Sunan Bonang (1465-1525). This paper aims to examine the history and practice of pilgrimage rituals in Bismo, and the reception of local politicians to the rituals of pilgrimage and the ancient Qur'an manuscript in Bismo. Using an anthropological approach, this paper concludes that (1) the practice of pilgrimage rituals in Bismo is unique, in addition to reading prayers as they are carried out elsewhere, pilgrims who have special intentions must perform bathing rituals to get rid of bad luck and open the ancient Qur'an; (2) Pilgrimage by local politicians in Bismo also has its own peculiarities. The motivation that drives them is not only religious enthusiasm but also secular impetus. Their visions on the Bismo Qur'an are intertwined between the view of the sacredness of the relics of the saints and the pragmatic view of positioning the Bismo Qur'an as an instrument to reserve their expectations.

Conclusion

The concluding chapter makes that case that the concept of “enthusiasm” presented in this study might be useful as an analytical term, to be applied in further study beyond the confines of the religious context. Conviction about something always enlists the body and emotions for its maintenance and reinvigoration, which is to say that it is always also enthusiastic—but this enthusiasm takes on different styles due to a combination of ideology (what emotions are and how they work) and taste or preference, which is linked to social context. Observing that a reactivated reticence toward political emotion in Germany in response to the rise in right-wing populism reprises many of the patterns from debates over religious enthusiasm from previous centuries, the chapter reflects on the relations between a number of terms which, in binary constellations, find themselves on the other side of “rationality,” which has led us to think of them as naturally grouped together: emotion, belief, religion, and—recalling Weber—charisma, enchantment, presence. The chapter suggests that enthusiasm is one of these terms, one that captures how conviction enchants people.

Safeguarding Interiority

Following Chapter 1’s exploration of knowledge about emotions, Chapters 2, 3, and 4 examine how this plays out in practice. Chapter 2 looks at reactions to religious enthusiasm in nineteenth-century Germany to understand the demand for an interiorizing emotional practice. Starting with an examination of how the term Schwärmerei early in this period is redefined to create a kind of “proper,” inward religious experience, the chapter then focuses on the debates around how that interiority is to be accomplished. The emotional practices of evangelical revivals, the so-called “Protestant sects” and new forms of Methodism making their way across the Atlantic engender fascinated repulsion among liberal Protestant and scientific observers, but the focus in this chapter is on the deep and rather complex concern about them in the clerical press. German Lutheran pastors, unlike their more secular contemporaries, seek to maintain the possibility that the Holy Spirit can enter the heart, but view the exaltations of the “sects” as too exterior and superficial, and thus potentially dangerous. Harking back to older discourses, they fear such practices of enthusiasm can endanger the very institution of the Church.

The Politics and Aesthetics of Extraction: Cultural Interventions in Blackwood’s and the Imperial

This chapter contrasts how two late-Romantic periodicals, Blackwood’s and the evangelical Imperial Magazine, extracted and repurposed material from other sources. It focuses first on J. H. Merivale’s 1819 Blackwood’s articles that translates strategic excerpts from Giuseppe Ballardini’s 1608 Italian miscellany, Prato fiorito. These translations suggest that superstition and religious enthusiasm are fundamental components of European Catholicism. o the Catholic cultures of the Continent. In so doing, they illustrate how a discourse composed of extracts can be simultaneously fragmentary and coherent and how extraction can be a practice of both assemblage and disarticulation. Soon thereafter, the Imperial would follow suit, intermixing extracts from older devotional works with contemporary missionary narratives. Because the focus of the travel writing is often the newest worlds of Australia and New Zealand, the Imperial specifically locates evangelicalism within a project of Tory imperialism.

Conclusion

The conclusion to this book emphasises the important legacy of the Avignon Society in terms of its role in disseminating millenarian doctrine, in particular, throughout Europe for nearly half a century, between 1779 and 1822. It shows the lasting impact of the society by highlighting the remarkable impact of Madame Bouche on Emperor Alexander at a crucial moment in the history of Russia and Europe as a whole. At the same time, the conclusion also reminds the reader about the hostility shown towards the society by government authorities in Russia, the papal territories, and in revolutionary France. This opposition was based on disdain for heretical strands of religious enthusiasm, as well as a fear of the millenarian dynamic of the society, which was often viewed as undermining the pillars of authority. This anxiety about the revolutionary dynamic of the Avignon Society was exacerbated by a profound confusion about the supposed radical agenda of the group, which was often conflated with the atheistic doctrine of the Bavarian Illuminati.

Archival Enthusiasm

This chapter examines the ecstatic performances haunting Stephen Crane’s 1895 narrative of the Civil War, The Red Badge of Courage. While much has been made of the way the novel strategically “forgets” the political history of the war, this chapter analyzes the novel’s complex overlay of religious enthusiasm and minstrel performance, exploring how Red Badge deploys these forms in order to grapple with the embodied semiotics of the Jim Crow era. Recovering traces of the midcentury minstrel figure “Dandy Jim of Caroline” in Jim Conklin’s exuberant death scene, the chapter argues that the narrative afterlife of such traces reveals the novel’s tendency to simultaneously erase and embed the excesses of war and postwar racial violence. Marking the historical resonance between minstrelsy and religious enthusiasm in their objectification of the moving body, Red Badge’s performances treat bodies as kinetic archives, whose stylized gestures offer stunning testimony to history’s traumatic returns. In this sense, the novel treats the ambivalence of performance as precisely the arena in which literature might grapple with history’s unaccountable remainders.

The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades, ed. Anthony Bale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, xvii, 281 pp.

No other event in the entire Middle Ages has stirred as much excitement, interest, intrigue, fear, frustration, and religious enthusiasm as the crusades (1096–1291). Medievalists do not need to be reminded of that fact since medieval literature, the arts, music, religion, and countless chronicle accounts are filled with references and allusions to these religious-military endeavors to regain the Holy Land from Muslim control. But this volume, well edited by Anthony Bale, obviously appeals mostly to student and general readers and alerts them to the enormous impact which the crusades really had on medieval imagination and the subsequent world of writing. Other volumes might also consider medieval architecture or music in light of the crusades, but again, there is already much work published in that respect.