Industry Emergence between Technology and Zeitgeist

This chapter examines the dynamics of industry emergence using the case of the blockchain and crypto (BC) industry. The BC industry is a rapidly developing field that has—in less than a decade—transformed from initially being a volunteer project of a small group of cypherpunks to a global industry with a plethora of actors involving vivid entrepreneurial and corporate activity. Importantly, the review of the extant literature and evidence reveals that ideological driving forces, which have been neglected in prior industry emergence research, constitute a major catalyst of this rapid industry development. In this vein, the chapter shows that the ideological notion of ‘decentralization’ has strongly contributed to the BC industry’s rapid growth by matching the zeitgeist in times of financial crises with increasing centralization by large digital platforms.

20. Right and left realism

This chapter focuses on realist criminologies which emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The two main strands were right realism and left realism, so called because of the political leanings that influenced them. Realist criminologies were, in basic terms, theoretical developments grounded in and informed by sociological positivism (right realism) and critical criminologies (left realism). Realism itself is an important social scientific concept, developed to try to provide a basis for understanding social realities which are not directly observable or precisely measurable, but undoubtedly have material substance and affect human behaviour, such as the law. More recently, we have seen a further variation emerge in the form of ‘ultra-realist’ criminology, which seeks to challenge and extend the definition of ‘crime’ to encompass the idea of ‘social harm’, thereby making a connection with concerns about the environment or damaging state and corporate activity.

SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING PRACTICES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CEMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Over recent years, there has been a focus in corporate activity upon the concept of sustainability reporting. Sustainability reporting has gained importance by Indian companies and corporates have adopted sustainability reporting practices since few years. Sustainability reporting of an organisations provides information about discharge of social reasonability and level of sensitivity of organisations towards social and environmental issues. Though sustainability reporting is not compulsory in the country many companies are reporting their initiatives in the direction of sustainable development. This paper attempt to evaluate sustainability reporting by leading Cement Manufacturing companies. This paper describes reporting pattern of cement industry in India.

Fraud Governance and Good Practices Against Fraud

Corporate governance standards allow corporate actions to be in accordance with law. In recent years, allegations of corporate misconduct have raised questions about the prevailing norm of conformity. This chapter discusses the effect of law on corporate activity by comparing the provisions of law with the actual conduct of business in the market. In particular, it explores how such legislation causes a greater commitment of corporate entities to legal enforcement than others. The inference drawn is that the existing rule—an ambiguous common law or statutory requirement—usually has to do with corporate conduct that evades the requirement or underlying intent of the law or ignores it. In its fraud policy and fraud response plan, the strategy of a company to deal with fraud should be explicitly defined.