PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

Wireless technology has brought a very advanced change in the field of the internet. It has given rise to many new applications. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in the field of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) which makes it so popular in the area of research work. MANET is an infrastructure-less, dynamic network that consists of a collection of wireless mobile nodes, and the communication between these nodes has been carried out without any centralized authority. There are several network performance metrics, Packet Loss and End-to-End Delay which can be taken into account, for getting a general idea about the performance of the Geographical Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. The proposed research will evaluate the parameters which affect the communication in the Geographical Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

An Angular 3D Path Selection Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Geographical routing is an area of interest for wireless sensor networks because of its scalability and local decision making capability. Usually, geographical routing protocols rely on greedy approach and suffer from the void node problem (VNP). This paper presents an angular three-dimensional routing protocol (A3DR) for wireless sensor networks. In A3DR, the next hop is selected from nodes available in solid angle decided dynamically based on network density, i.e., larger solid angle for sparse networks while a smaller angle for dense one. The delay based contention mechanism has been proposed to select a suitable forwarding node among nodes lying in a particular solid angle. A3DR has a provision to adaptively tune the solid angle to resolve the void node problem. Further, the proposed protocol A3DR will take care of traffic congestion problem suffered by beaconless routing protocol. The A3DR tackle the concave void problem by allowing conditional backtracking to find another suitable path and prevent looping. Additionally, A3DR address overhear problem by utilizing the concept of request-to-forward and clear-to-forward for the nodes lying outside the solid angle 60°. The performance of proposed A3DR is compared with existing protocols by implementing it on the INET framework under OMNET++ simulator. The simulation results indicate that A3DR achieves a high packet reception rate while maximizing the residual energy and minimizing traffic overhead.

Improved Road Segment-Based Geographical Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

The real-time traffic information dissemination among on-road vehicles has been envisioned via realizing vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as smart service-oriented roadside wireless sensor networks. The network enables various types of real-time traffic applications related to safety and infotainment for drivers and passengers. The information dissemination-centric routing protocols for vehicular networks have to dynamically adopt under the constrained network environment while considering the higher mobility of vehicular nodes and unpredictable physical topologies in the network. The issue needs to be addressed through smart and network-aware routing protocols. Geographical routing protocols have witnessed significant attention for information dissemination under these types of dynamic vehicular network environment. To this end, this paper presents an improved road segment-based geographical routing (ISR) protocol focusing on better head node selection for information dissemination. It divides the forwarding area into a number of road segments and selects a head node on each segment by focusing on traffic-aware information including the location, direction, and link quality-centric score for every vehicle on each road segment. Algorithms were developed for the complete process of head node selection and information dissemination among vehicles on the road segments. The simulation results attested the performance benefits of the proposed routing framework as compared to the state-of-the-art protocols considering dynamic vehicular traffic environment-related metrics.